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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
515 questions in 31 reviews · Fertility Regulation
current versionsNo studies 99 · 19.2%Ungraded 11 · 2.1%Very low 70 · 13.6%Low 147 · 28.5%Moderate 153 · 29.7%High 35 · 6.8%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Summary of findings table ‐ Intravenous paracetamol 1000 mg vs 2 pumps of cervical lidocaine spray Pain with dilation ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion at 5+0 to 7+0 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Intravenous paracetamol 1000 mg vs 2 pumps of cervical lidocaine spray Pain with aspiration ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion at 5+0 to 7+0 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Intravenous paracetamol 1000 mg vs 2 pumps of cervical lidocaine spray Pain during procedurea,b · people requesting a surgical abortion at 5+0 to 7+0 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 48 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ 20 mL 1% lidocaine paracervical block vs normal saline paracervical block Pain during procedure ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion at less than 14 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ 80 mg lidocaine paracervical block vs normal saline paracervical block Pain with dilation ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion at seven weeks' gestation or less Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ 80 mg lidocaine paracervical block vs normal saline paracervical block Pain with aspiration ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion at seven weeks' gestation or less Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ 80 mg lidocaine paracervical block vs normal saline paracervical block Pain during procedurea,b · people requesting a surgical abortion at seven weeks' gestation or less Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 54 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Mobile phone‐based interventions vs standard of care Contraception use · women users/non‐users of contraception Mobile phone‐based interventions for improving contraception use (2023) · Cochrane | OR 1.3 [1.06, 1.6] | 16 studies · 8972 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Mobile phone‐based interventions vs standard of care Pregnancy · women users/non‐users of contraception Mobile phone‐based interventions for improving contraception use (2023) · Cochrane | OR 0.82 [0.48, 1.38] | 8 studies · 2947 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Levonorgestrel IUDs vs Copper IUDs Pregnancy rates at one month · individuals seeking emergency contraception after unprotected intercourse Progestin intrauterine devices versus copper intrauterine devices for emergency contraception (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 638 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Levonorgestrel IUDs vs Copper IUDs Failed insertion · individuals seeking emergency contraception after unprotected intercourse Progestin intrauterine devices versus copper intrauterine devices for emergency contraception (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.05 [0.58, 1.9] | 1 study · 711 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Levonorgestrel IUDs vs Copper IUDs Rates of expulsion · individuals seeking emergency contraception after unprotected intercourse Progestin intrauterine devices versus copper intrauterine devices for emergency contraception (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.67 [0.11, 4] | 1 study · 655 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Levonorgestrel IUDs vs Copper IUDs Rates of removal · individuals seeking emergency contraception after unprotected intercourse Progestin intrauterine devices versus copper intrauterine devices for emergency contraception (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.25 [0.5, 3.14] | 1 study · 655 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Levonorgestrel IUDs vs Copper IUDs Number of bleeding days in first month · individuals seeking emergency contraception after unprotected intercourse Progestin intrauterine devices versus copper intrauterine devices for emergency contraception (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 510 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Levonorgestrel IUDs vs Copper IUDs Cramping score since insertion · individuals seeking emergency contraception after unprotected intercourse Progestin intrauterine devices versus copper intrauterine devices for emergency contraception (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 547 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Levonorgestrel IUDs vs Copper IUDs Patient satisfaction · individuals seeking emergency contraception after unprotected intercourse Progestin intrauterine devices versus copper intrauterine devices for emergency contraception (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.84 [0.57, 1.22] | 1 study · 615 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Combined hormonal contraception (estrogen plus progestin) vs no contraception Mortality · COVID‐19 positive patients Risk of thromboembolism in patients with COVID‐19 who are using hormonal contraception (2023) · Cochrane | OR 1 [0.41, 2.4] | 1 study · 18892 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Any type of hormonal contraception (estrogen plus progestin or progestin‐only) vs no contraception Venous thromboembolism ‐ not measured · COVID‐19 positive patients Risk of thromboembolism in patients with COVID‐19 who are using hormonal contraception (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Any type of hormonal contraception (estrogen plus progestin or progestin‐only) vs no contraception Arterial thromboembolism ‐ not measured · COVID‐19 positive patients Risk of thromboembolism in patients with COVID‐19 who are using hormonal contraception (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Any type of hormonal contraception (estrogen plus progestin or progestin‐only) vs no contraception Acute respiratory distress syndrome ‐ not measured · COVID‐19 positive patients Risk of thromboembolism in patients with COVID‐19 who are using hormonal contraception (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Combined hormonal contraception (estrogen plus progestin) vs no contraception Hospitalization · COVID‐19 positive patients Risk of thromboembolism in patients with COVID‐19 who are using hormonal contraception (2023) · Cochrane | OR 0.79 [0.64, 0.97] | 1 study · 295689 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Combined hormonal contraception (estrogen plus progestin) vs no contraception Venous thromboembolism · COVID‐19 positive patients Risk of thromboembolism in patients with COVID‐19 who are using hormonal contraception (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 13 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Combined hormonal contraception (estrogen plus progestin) vs no contraception Intubation · COVID‐19 positive patients Risk of thromboembolism in patients with COVID‐19 who are using hormonal contraception (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 7 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Combined hormonal contraception (estrogen plus progestin) vs no contraception Arterial thromboembolism ‐ not measured · COVID‐19 positive patients Risk of thromboembolism in patients with COVID‐19 who are using hormonal contraception (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Combined hormonal contraception (estrogen plus progestin) vs no contraception Acute respiratory distress syndrome ‐ not measured · COVID‐19 positive patients Risk of thromboembolism in patients with COVID‐19 who are using hormonal contraception (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Any type of hormonal contraception (estrogen plus progestin or progestin‐only) vs no contraception Hospitalization · COVID‐19 positive patients Risk of thromboembolism in patients with COVID‐19 who are using hormonal contraception (2023) · Cochrane | OR 0.99 [0.68, 1.44] | 1 study · 123 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Any type of hormonal contraception (estrogen plus progestin or progestin‐only) vs no contraception Intubation · COVID‐19 positive patients Risk of thromboembolism in patients with COVID‐19 who are using hormonal contraception (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 123 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Any type of hormonal contraception (estrogen plus progestin or progestin‐only) vs no contraception Mortality ‐ not measured · COVID‐19 positive patients Risk of thromboembolism in patients with COVID‐19 who are using hormonal contraception (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Mifepristone (600 mg) plus prostaglandin vs mifepristone (200 mg) plus prostaglandin Failure to achieve complete abortion · women undergoing first trimester abortion Medical methods for first trimester abortion (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.07 [0.87, 1.33] | 4 studies · 3494 participants | Moderate |
Medical abortion self‐administered at home vs administered Nausea · women undergoing first trimester abortion Medical methods for first trimester abortion (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.09 [0.74, 1.61] | 3 studies · 1532 participants | Low |
Medical abortion self‐administered at home vs administered Women's dissatisfaction with the procedure · women undergoing first trimester abortion Medical methods for first trimester abortion (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.63 [0.95, 2.8] | 4 studies · 2155 participants | Low |
Medical abortion self‐administered at home vs administered Blood transfusion · women undergoing first trimester abortion Medical methods for first trimester abortion (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.33 [0.01, 8.18] | 1 study · 731 participants | Very low |
Medical abortion administered by nurses vs by doctors Failure to achieve complete abortion · women undergoing first trimester abortion Medical methods for first trimester abortion (2022) · Cochrane | RR 2.69 [1.39, 5.22] | 3 studies · 3056 participants | Low |
Medical abortion administered by nurses vs by doctors Nausea · women undergoing first trimester abortion Medical methods for first trimester abortion (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Medical abortion administered by nurses vs by doctors Women's dissatisfaction with the procedure · women undergoing first trimester abortion Medical methods for first trimester abortion (2022) · Cochrane | RR 2.7 [0.16, 44.49] | 2 studies · 1988 participants | Very low |
Medical abortion administered by nurses vs by doctors Blood transfusion · women undergoing first trimester abortion Medical methods for first trimester abortion (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 1068 participants | Low |
Oral misoprostol vs vaginal misoprostol Failure to achieve complete abortion · women undergoing first trimester abortion Medical methods for first trimester abortion (2022) · Cochrane | RR 2.38 [1.46, 3.87] | 3 studies · 1704 participants | Moderate |
Oral misoprostol vs vaginal misoprostol Nausea · women undergoing first trimester abortion Medical methods for first trimester abortion (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.14 [1.03, 1.26] | 2 studies · 1380 participants | Low |
Oral misoprostol vs vaginal misoprostol Women's dissatisfaction with the procedure · women undergoing first trimester abortion Medical methods for first trimester abortion (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Mifepristone (600 mg) plus prostaglandin vs mifepristone (200 mg) plus prostaglandin Nausea · women undergoing first trimester abortion Medical methods for first trimester abortion (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.02 [0.95, 1.09] | 2 studies · 2432 participants | Moderate |
Oral misoprostol vs vaginal misoprostol Blood transfusion · women undergoing first trimester abortion Medical methods for first trimester abortion (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Sublingual misoprostol vs vaginal misoprostol Failure to achieve complete abortion · women undergoing first trimester abortion Medical methods for first trimester abortion (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.68 [0.22, 2.11] | 2 studies · 3229 participants | Moderate |
Sublingual misoprostol vs vaginal misoprostol Nausea · women undergoing first trimester abortion Medical methods for first trimester abortion (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.11 [0.93, 1.33] | 3 studies · 3543 participants | Moderate |
Sublingual misoprostol vs vaginal misoprostol Women's dissatisfaction with the procedure · women undergoing first trimester abortion Medical methods for first trimester abortion (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.67 [0.8, 3.5] | 2 studies · 3303 participants | Moderate |
Sublingual misoprostol vs vaginal misoprostol Blood transfusion · women undergoing first trimester abortion Medical methods for first trimester abortion (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Mifepristone alone vs mifepristone/prostaglandin Failure to achieve complete abortion · women undergoing first trimester abortion Medical methods for first trimester abortion (2022) · Cochrane | RR 3.25 [0.81, 13.09] | 3 studies · 273 participants | Very low |
Mifepristone alone vs mifepristone/prostaglandin Nausea · women undergoing first trimester abortion Medical methods for first trimester abortion (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Mifepristone alone vs mifepristone/prostaglandin Women's dissatisfaction with the procedure · women undergoing first trimester abortion Medical methods for first trimester abortion (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Mifepristone alone vs mifepristone/prostaglandin Blood transfusion · women undergoing first trimester abortion Medical methods for first trimester abortion (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Prostaglandin alone vs combined regimen Failure to achieve complete abortion · women undergoing first trimester abortion Medical methods for first trimester abortion (2022) · Cochrane | RR 2.39 [1.89, 3.02] | 18 studies · 3471 participants | Low |