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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,361 questions in 120 reviews · Developmental, Psychosocial and Learning Problems
current versionsNo studies 286 · 21%Ungraded 61 · 4.5%Very low 381 · 28%Low 381 · 28%Moderate 228 · 16.8%High 24 · 1.8%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Zinc supplementation vs no zinc supplementation Height · otherwise healthy children aged 6 months to 12 years of age Zinc supplementation for preventing mortality, morbidity, and growth failure in children aged 6 months to 12… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 74 studies · 20720 participants | Moderate |
Zinc supplementation vs no zinc supplementation Participants with ≥ 1 vomiting episode · otherwise healthy children aged 6 months to 12 years of age Zinc supplementation for preventing mortality, morbidity, and growth failure in children aged 6 months to 12… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.29 [1.14, 1.46] | 5 studies · 35192 participants | High |
Methylphenidate vs placebo or no intervention ADHD symptoms: all parallel‐group trials and first‐period cross‐over trialsADHD Rating Scale (teacher‐rated) Average trial duration: 68.7 days · children and adolescents (up to and including 18 years of age) with ADHD Methylphenidate for children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 21 studies · 1728 participants | Very low |
Methylphenidate vs placebo or no intervention Proportion of participants with one or more serious adverse events · children and adolescents (up to and including 18 years of age) with ADHD Methylphenidate for children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.8 [0.39, 1.67] | 26 studies · 3673 participants | Very low |
Methylphenidate vs placebo or no intervention Proportion of participants with one or more adverse events considered non‐serious · children and adolescents (up to and including 18 years of age) with ADHD Methylphenidate for children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.23 [1.11, 1.37] | 35 studies · 5342 participants | Very low |
Methylphenidate vs placebo or no intervention General behaviour: all parallel‐group trials and first‐period cross‐over trialsGeneral behaviour rating scales (teacher‐rated) · children and adolescents (up to and including 18 years of age) with ADHD Methylphenidate for children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 792 participants | Very low |
Methylphenidate vs placebo or no intervention Quality of life (parent‐rated) · children and adolescents (up to and including 18 years of age) with ADHD Methylphenidate for children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (2023) · Cochrane | SMD 0.4 | 4 studies · 608 participants | Very low |
Atypical antipsychotics vs placebo Irritability · participants (any age) with a clinical diagnosis of ASD who have displayed one or more unwanted or challenging… Pharmacological intervention for irritability, aggression, and self‐injury in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 12 studies · 973 participants | Moderate |
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)‐related drugs vs placebo Aggression · participants (any age) with a clinical diagnosis of ASD who have displayed one or more unwanted or challenging… Pharmacological intervention for irritability, aggression, and self‐injury in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)‐related drugs vs placebo Self‐injury · participants (any age) with a clinical diagnosis of ASD who have displayed one or more unwanted or challenging… Pharmacological intervention for irritability, aggression, and self‐injury in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 16 participants | Very low |
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)‐related drugs vs placebo Adverse effects · participants (any age) with a clinical diagnosis of ASD who have displayed one or more unwanted or challenging… Pharmacological intervention for irritability, aggression, and self‐injury in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (2023) · Cochrane | RR 3.42 | 9 studies · 511 participants | Very low |
Antidepressants vs placebo Irritability · participants (any age) with a clinical diagnosis of ASD who have displayed one or more unwanted or challenging… Pharmacological intervention for irritability, aggression, and self‐injury in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 267 participants | Low |
Antidepressants vs placebo Aggression · participants (any age) with a clinical diagnosis of ASD who have displayed one or more unwanted or challenging… Pharmacological intervention for irritability, aggression, and self‐injury in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Antidepressants vs placebo Adverse effects · participants (any age) with a clinical diagnosis of ASD who have displayed one or more unwanted or challenging… Pharmacological intervention for irritability, aggression, and self‐injury in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (2023) · Cochrane | RR 4.16 | 10 studies · 815 participants | Low |
Atypical antipsychotics vs placebo Aggression · participants (any age) with a clinical diagnosis of ASD who have displayed one or more unwanted or challenging… Pharmacological intervention for irritability, aggression, and self‐injury in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 77 participants | Very low |
Atypical antipsychotics vs placebo Self‐injury · participants (any age) with a clinical diagnosis of ASD who have displayed one or more unwanted or challenging… Pharmacological intervention for irritability, aggression, and self‐injury in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 30 participants | Low |
Atypical antipsychotics vs placebo Adverse effects (AEs) · participants (any age) with a clinical diagnosis of ASD who have displayed one or more unwanted or challenging… Pharmacological intervention for irritability, aggression, and self‐injury in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (2023) · Cochrane | RR 4.19 | 11 studies · 974 participants | Low |
Neurohormones vs placebo Irritability · participants (any age) with a clinical diagnosis of ASD who have displayed one or more unwanted or challenging… Pharmacological intervention for irritability, aggression, and self‐injury in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 466 participants | Very low |
Neurohormones vs placebo Aggression · participants (any age) with a clinical diagnosis of ASD who have displayed one or more unwanted or challenging… Pharmacological intervention for irritability, aggression, and self‐injury in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Neurohormones vs placebo Self Injury · participants (any age) with a clinical diagnosis of ASD who have displayed one or more unwanted or challenging… Pharmacological intervention for irritability, aggression, and self‐injury in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Neurohormones vs placebo Adverse effects · participants (any age) with a clinical diagnosis of ASD who have displayed one or more unwanted or challenging… Pharmacological intervention for irritability, aggression, and self‐injury in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.58 [0.38, 0.89] | 10 studies · 863 participants | Very low |
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)‐related drugs vs placebo Irritability All ADHD‐related medications · participants (any age) with a clinical diagnosis of ASD who have displayed one or more unwanted or challenging… Pharmacological intervention for irritability, aggression, and self‐injury in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 10 studies · 400 participants | Low |
Personalised intervention vs non‐personalised intervention Improvement in child conduct problems or disruptive behaviour · subgroups of children with conduct problems Personalised interventions for subgroups of children with conduct problems (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 278 participants | Very low |
Personalised intervention vs non‐personalised intervention Any adverse events · subgroups of children with conduct problems Personalised interventions for subgroups of children with conduct problems (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Personalised intervention vs non‐personalised intervention Personalised treatment outcomes, relevant to each subgroup · subgroups of children with conduct problems Personalised interventions for subgroups of children with conduct problems (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Personalised intervention vs non‐personalised intervention Parenting skills and knowledge · subgroups of children with conduct problems Personalised interventions for subgroups of children with conduct problems (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR WL · sexually abused people under 18 years old Comparative effectiveness of psychological interventions for treating the psychological consequences of… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR FT · sexually abused people under 18 years old Comparative effectiveness of psychological interventions for treating the psychological consequences of… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR EMDR · sexually abused people under 18 years old Comparative effectiveness of psychological interventions for treating the psychological consequences of… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR CCT dyad · sexually abused people under 18 years old Comparative effectiveness of psychological interventions for treating the psychological consequences of… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR CCT child higher · sexually abused people under 18 years old Comparative effectiveness of psychological interventions for treating the psychological consequences of… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR CCT child · sexually abused people under 18 years old Comparative effectiveness of psychological interventions for treating the psychological consequences of… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR CBT dyad higher · sexually abused people under 18 years old Comparative effectiveness of psychological interventions for treating the psychological consequences of… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR CBT dyad · sexually abused people under 18 years old Comparative effectiveness of psychological interventions for treating the psychological consequences of… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR CBT child · sexually abused people under 18 years old Comparative effectiveness of psychological interventions for treating the psychological consequences of… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR CBT carer · sexually abused people under 18 years old Comparative effectiveness of psychological interventions for treating the psychological consequences of… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR WL · sexually abused people under 18 years old Comparative effectiveness of psychological interventions for treating the psychological consequences of… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR FT · sexually abused people under 18 years old Comparative effectiveness of psychological interventions for treating the psychological consequences of… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR EMDR · sexually abused people under 18 years old Comparative effectiveness of psychological interventions for treating the psychological consequences of… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR CCT dyad · sexually abused people under 18 years old Comparative effectiveness of psychological interventions for treating the psychological consequences of… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR CBT dyad higher · sexually abused people under 18 years old Comparative effectiveness of psychological interventions for treating the psychological consequences of… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR CBT dyad · sexually abused people under 18 years old Comparative effectiveness of psychological interventions for treating the psychological consequences of… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR CBT child · sexually abused people under 18 years old Comparative effectiveness of psychological interventions for treating the psychological consequences of… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR CBT carer · sexually abused people under 18 years old Comparative effectiveness of psychological interventions for treating the psychological consequences of… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR FT · sexually abused people under 18 years old Comparative effectiveness of psychological interventions for treating the psychological consequences of… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR CCT dyad · sexually abused people under 18 years old Comparative effectiveness of psychological interventions for treating the psychological consequences of… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR CBT dyad higher · sexually abused people under 18 years old Comparative effectiveness of psychological interventions for treating the psychological consequences of… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR CBT dyad · sexually abused people under 18 years old Comparative effectiveness of psychological interventions for treating the psychological consequences of… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR EMDR · sexually abused people under 18 years old Comparative effectiveness of psychological interventions for treating the psychological consequences of… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR WL · sexually abused people under 18 years old Comparative effectiveness of psychological interventions for treating the psychological consequences of… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |