Gap finder
Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
729 questions in 45 reviews · Consumers and Communication
current versionsNo studies 188 · 25.8%Ungraded 93 · 12.8%Very low 155 · 21.3%Low 189 · 25.9%Moderate 90 · 12.3%High 14 · 1.9%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Culturally and literacy adapted audio‐/visual education without personal feedback vs written information on the same topic Health‐related knowledge – Time point a: short‐term (up to 1 month post‐intervention) Any health‐related knowledgeStandardised on score 0 (no knowledge) to 100 (perfect knowledge) Time point b: medium‐term (up to 6 months post‐intervention) Any he... · migrants Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 987 participants | Low |
Culturally and literacy adapted self‐management programme vs no health literacy intervention Health outcome – Self‐reported health status · migrants Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 69 participants | Low |
Culturally and literacy adapted audio‐/visual education without personal feedback vs written information on the same topic Health outcome – Depression · migrants Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 445 participants | Low |
Culturally and literacy adapted audio‐/visual education without personal feedback vs written information on the same topic Health behaviour – Time point a: medium‐term (up to 6 months post‐intervention) Any cancer screening uptake · migrants Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.07 [0.95, 1.2] | 2 studies · 803 participants | Low |
Culturally and literacy adapted audio‐/visual education without personal feedback vs written information on the same topic Self‐efficacy – Time point a: short‐term (immediately post‐intervention) Self‐efficacy in accessing breast cancer‐related advice or information · migrants Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 240 participants | Low |
Culturally and literacy adapted audio‐/visual education without personal feedback vs written information on the same topic Health service use – not measured · migrants Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Culturally and literacy adapted audio‐/visual education without personal feedback vs written information on the same topic Adverse events – Anxiety · migrants Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 445 participants | Moderate |
Culturally and literacy adapted audio‐/visual education without personal feedback vs another culturally and literacy adapted audio‐/visual education without personal feedback Outcome category – outcome(s)* · migrants Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Culturally and literacy adapted audio‐/visual education without personal feedback vs another culturally and literacy adapted audio‐/visual education without personal feedback Health literacy – (1) Competencies (inhaler use technique) · migrants Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 91 participants | Very low |
Culturally and literacy adapted audio‐/visual education without personal feedback vs another culturally and literacy adapted audio‐/visual education without personal feedback Quality of life – not measured · migrants Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Culturally and literacy adapted audio‐/visual education without personal feedback vs another culturally and literacy adapted audio‐/visual education without personal feedback Health‐related knowledge – Any health‐related knowledge Cervical cancer knowledge; standardised on score from 0 (no knowledge) to 100 (perfect knowledge) Asthma knowledge, 3 items, 5‐point Likert scale (score · migrants Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 152 participants | Very low |
Culturally and literacy adapted audio‐/visual education without personal feedback vs another culturally and literacy adapted audio‐/visual education without personal feedback Health outcome – not measured · migrants Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Culturally and literacy adapted self‐management programme vs no health literacy intervention Health behaviour 5– Time point a: short‐term (immediately post‐intervention) Multiple outcomes assessed and multiple measures used: (1) Blood glucose self‐monitoring 24‐hour recall, 3 questions on blood glucose self‐monitoring behaviour (2) Adhere... · migrants Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 514 participants | Low |
Culturally and literacy adapted audio‐/visual education without personal feedback vs another culturally and literacy adapted audio‐/visual education without personal feedback Health behaviour – Cervical cancer screening · migrants Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.29 [0.75, 2.23] | 1 study · 109 participants | Very low |
Culturally and literacy adapted audio‐/visual education without personal feedback vs another culturally and literacy adapted audio‐/visual education without personal feedback Self‐efficacy – not measured · migrants Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Culturally and literacy adapted audio‐/visual education without personal feedback vs another culturally and literacy adapted audio‐/visual education without personal feedback Health service use – not measured · migrants Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Culturally and literacy adapted audio‐/visual education without personal feedback vs another culturally and literacy adapted audio‐/visual education without personal feedback Adverse events – not measured · migrants Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Culturally and literacy adapted medical instruction vs no health literacy intervention Outcome category – outcome(s)* · migrants Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Culturally and literacy adapted medical instruction vs no health literacy intervention Health literacy – Medication understanding Multiple measures used: Demonstration by means of correct dosage in dosing tray (0 to 5) Correct interpretation of label contents, 11 labels MUQ (score · migrants Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 478 participants | Low |
Culturally and literacy adapted medical instruction vs no health literacy intervention Quality of life – not measured · migrants Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Culturally and literacy adapted medical instruction vs no health literacy intervention Health outcome – not measured · migrants Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Culturally and literacy adapted medical instruction vs no health literacy intervention Health‐related knowledge – not measured · migrants Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Culturally and literacy adapted medical instruction vs no health literacy intervention Health behaviour – Medication adherence · migrants Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 200 participants | Low |
Culturally and literacy adapted self‐management programme vs no health literacy intervention Self‐efficacy – Self‐efficacy to manage one's disease Multiple measures used: LSESLD (score · migrants Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 333 participants | Moderate |
Culturally and literacy adapted medical instruction vs no health literacy intervention Health service use – not measured · migrants Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Culturally and literacy adapted medical instruction vs no health literacy intervention Self‐efficacy ‐ not measured · migrants Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Culturally and literacy adapted medical instruction vs no health literacy intervention Adverse events – not measured · migrants Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Female migrants' benefit of any health literacy intervention vs male migrants' benefit of any health literacy intervention Outcome category– outcome(s) · migrants Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Female migrants' benefit of any health literacy intervention vs male migrants' benefit of any health literacy intervention Health literacy – Multiple outcomes and measures used: (1) Generic health literacy Functional health literacy, TOFHLA (score · migrants Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 77 participants | Very low |
Female migrants' benefit of any health literacy intervention vs male migrants' benefit of any health literacy intervention Quality of life – not measured · migrants Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Female migrants' benefit of any health literacy intervention vs male migrants' benefit of any health literacy intervention Health‐related knowledge – not measured · migrants Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Female migrants' benefit of any health literacy intervention vs male migrants' benefit of any health literacy intervention Health outcome – not measured · migrants Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Female migrants' benefit of any health literacy intervention vs male migrants' benefit of any health literacy intervention Health behaviour – Time point a: short‐term (immediately post‐intervention) Cardiovascular health behaviour CSC (score · migrants Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 77 participants | Very low |
Female migrants' benefit of any health literacy intervention vs male migrants' benefit of any health literacy intervention Health service use – not measured · migrants Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Culturally and literacy adapted self‐management programme vs no health literacy intervention Health service use – not measured · migrants Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Female migrants' benefit of any health literacy intervention vs male migrants' benefit of any health literacy intervention Self‐efficacy – not measured · migrants Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Female migrants' benefit of any health literacy intervention vs male migrants' benefit of any health literacy intervention Adverse events – not measured · migrants Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Culturally and literacy adapted self‐management programme vs no health literacy intervention Adverse events – not reported · migrants Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Shared decision‐making interventions vs usual care Psychiatric symptoms Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS; Overall 1988): 16 items with 7‐item Likert scale ('not present' to 'extremely severe') measured 6 months after intervention (Yamaguchi 2017). · people with mental health conditions Shared decision‐making interventions for people with mental health conditions (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 53 participants | Very low |
Shared decision‐making interventions vs usual care Depression (1 to 6 months) Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS; Montgomery 1979): measured 3 months after intervention (Aljumah 2015). Patient Health Questionnaire‐9 (PHQ‐9; Kroenke 2001): measured 6 to 8 weeks after intervention (Loh... · people with mental health conditions Shared decision‐making interventions for people with mental health conditions (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 717 participants | Low |
Shared decision‐making interventions vs usual care Depression (6 months or more) MADRS measured 6 months after intervention (Aljumah 2015). PHQ‐9 measured 6 months after intervention (LeBlanc 2015). QIDS‐J measured 6 months after intervention (Aoki 2019a). Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HA... · people with mental health conditions Shared decision‐making interventions for people with mental health conditions (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 898 participants | Low |
Shared decision‐making interventions vs usual care Readmission (6 months or more) Rehospitalisation at 8 months after discharge (Hamann 2006) or 12 months after discharge (Hamann 2017). · people with mental health conditions Shared decision‐making interventions for people with mental health conditions (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.06 [0.77, 1.46] | 2 studies · 249 participants | Very low |
Shared decision‐making interventions vs usual care Participation (observations on the process of SDM) Observing Patient Involvement in shared decisiON‐making (OPTION; Elwyn 2005) assessed from video recording on the encounter (LeBlanc 2015). Core components of SDM: scoring the transcripts of conve... · people with mental health conditions Shared decision‐making interventions for people with mental health conditions (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 133 participants | Very low |
Shared decision‐making interventions vs usual care Participation (SDM‐specific‐reported outcomes, immediately after intervention) Combined Outcome Measure for Risk Communication and Treatment Decision‐making Effectiveness (COMRADE; Edwards 2003) measured immediately after decision‐making (Aoki 201... · people with mental health conditions Shared decision‐making interventions for people with mental health conditions (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 534 participants | Low |
Shared decision‐making interventions vs usual care Adverse events ‐ not reported · people with mental health conditions Shared decision‐making interventions for people with mental health conditions (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Family‐centred care vs any control Overall health and well‐being Timing: the longest time point available for each study Direction of effect: higher beneficial · Indigenous children aged < 5 years Family‐centred interventions for Indigenous early childhood well‐being by primary healthcare services (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 11 studies · 2386 participants | Very low |
Family‐centred care vs any control Psychological health and emotional behaviour of children Timing: the longest time point available for each study Direction of effect: higher beneficial · Indigenous children aged < 5 years Family‐centred interventions for Indigenous early childhood well‐being by primary healthcare services (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 384 participants | Very low |
Family‐centred care vs any control Physical health and developmental health outcomes of children Timing: the longest time point available for each study Direction of effect: higher beneficial · Indigenous children aged < 5 years Family‐centred interventions for Indigenous early childhood well‐being by primary healthcare services (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 1961 participants | Very low |
Family‐centred care vs any control Family health‐enhancing lifestyle or behavioural outcomes Timing: the longest time point available for each study Direction of effect: higher beneficial · Indigenous children aged < 5 years Family‐centred interventions for Indigenous early childhood well‐being by primary healthcare services (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 1969 participants | Very low |
Family‐centred care vs any control Psychological health of parent/carer Timing: the longest time point available for each study Direction of effect: higher beneficial · Indigenous children aged < 5 years Family‐centred interventions for Indigenous early childhood well‐being by primary healthcare services (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 975 participants | Very low |