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Search review questions

Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.

Limit to evidence status or GRADE (optional)

165 questions in 15 reviews · Childhood Cancer

current versions
No studies 50 · 30.3%Ungraded 12 · 7.3%Very low 13 · 7.9%Low 69 · 41.8%Moderate 21 · 12.7%High 0 · 0%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

QuestionEffectEvidenceStatus / GRADE
Dexrazoxane vs no cardioprotective intervention or placebo
Progression‐free survival Defined as time from randomisation to progression either on or off treatment (Illustrative comparative risks reported as number of participants without progression) · adults with cancer receiving anthracyclines
Dexrazoxane for preventing or reducing cardiotoxicity in adults and children with cancer receiving… (2022) · Cochrane
HR 1.18 [0.97, 1.43]2 studies · 2 participantsModerate
Dexrazoxane vs no cardioprotective intervention or placebo
Tumour response rate Defined as number of complete or partial remissions Available‐case analysis · adults with cancer receiving anthracyclines
Dexrazoxane for preventing or reducing cardiotoxicity in adults and children with cancer receiving… (2022) · Cochrane
RR 0.91 [0.79, 1.04]6 studies · 956 participantsModerate
Dexrazoxane vs no cardioprotective intervention or placebo
Quality of life · adults with cancer receiving anthracyclines
Dexrazoxane for preventing or reducing cardiotoxicity in adults and children with cancer receiving… (2022) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
High‐dose chemotherapy followed by autologous haematopoietic cell transplantation vs conventional chemotherapy plus whole lung irradiation
Event‐free survival (reported as number of participants with progression, relapse, second malignancy, or death, whatever the cause) · children, adolescents, and young adults with primary metastatic Ewing sarcoma
High‐dose chemotherapy followed by autologous haematopoietic cell transplantation for children, adolescents,… (2021) · Cochrane
HR 0.83 [0.59, 1.17]1 study · 267 participantsLow
High‐dose chemotherapy followed by autologous haematopoietic cell transplantation vs conventional chemotherapy plus whole lung irradiation
Overall survival · children, adolescents, and young adults with primary metastatic Ewing sarcoma
High‐dose chemotherapy followed by autologous haematopoietic cell transplantation for children, adolescents,… (2021) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
High‐dose chemotherapy followed by autologous haematopoietic cell transplantation vs conventional chemotherapy plus whole lung irradiation
Quality‐adjusted survival · children, adolescents, and young adults with primary metastatic Ewing sarcoma
High‐dose chemotherapy followed by autologous haematopoietic cell transplantation for children, adolescents,… (2021) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
High‐dose chemotherapy followed by autologous haematopoietic cell transplantation vs conventional chemotherapy plus whole lung irradiation
Toxicity · children, adolescents, and young adults with primary metastatic Ewing sarcoma
High‐dose chemotherapy followed by autologous haematopoietic cell transplantation for children, adolescents,… (2021) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
High‐dose chemotherapy followed by autologous haematopoietic cell transplantation vs conventional chemotherapy plus whole lung irradiation
Progression‐free survival · children, adolescents, and young adults with primary metastatic Ewing sarcoma
High‐dose chemotherapy followed by autologous haematopoietic cell transplantation for children, adolescents,… (2021) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Continuous platinum infusion vs bolus platinum infusion
Hearing loss (asymptomatic and symptomatic disease according to Brock criteria) exact instrument used to test hearing loss was not reported · children with cancer treated with platinum‐based therapy
Different infusion durations for preventing platinum‐induced hearing loss in children with cancer (2020) · Cochrane
RR 1.39 [0.47, 4.13]1 study · 67 participantsLow
Continuous platinum infusion vs bolus platinum infusion
Tinnitus ‐ not reported · children with cancer treated with platinum‐based therapy
Different infusion durations for preventing platinum‐induced hearing loss in children with cancer (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Continuous platinum infusion vs bolus platinum infusion
Overall survival ‐ not reported · children with cancer treated with platinum‐based therapy
Different infusion durations for preventing platinum‐induced hearing loss in children with cancer (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Continuous platinum infusion vs bolus platinum infusion
Event‐free survival ‐ not reported · children with cancer treated with platinum‐based therapy
Different infusion durations for preventing platinum‐induced hearing loss in children with cancer (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Continuous platinum infusion vs bolus platinum infusion
Tumour response (complete or partial remission according to INRC) · children with cancer treated with platinum‐based therapy
Different infusion durations for preventing platinum‐induced hearing loss in children with cancer (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 1 participantsLow
Continuous platinum infusion vs bolus platinum infusion
Adverse effects: toxic death (no definition provided) · children with cancer treated with platinum‐based therapy
Different infusion durations for preventing platinum‐induced hearing loss in children with cancer (2020) · Cochrane
RR 1.12 [0.07, 17.31]1 study · 91 participantsLow
Continuous platinum infusion vs bolus platinum infusion
Quality of life ‐ not reported · children with cancer treated with platinum‐based therapy
Different infusion durations for preventing platinum‐induced hearing loss in children with cancer (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Amifostine vs no otoprotective intervention
Ototoxicity according to NCICTCv2 criteria with intra‐arterial platinum (combined asymptomatic and symptomatic disease) Exact test method not reported · children with cancer treated with platinum‐based therapy
Medical interventions for the prevention of platinum‐induced hearing loss in children with cancer (2019) · Cochrane
RR 1.29 [0.94, 1.77]1 study · 28 participantsLow
Amifostine vs no otoprotective intervention
Quality of life – not reported · children with cancer treated with platinum‐based therapy
Medical interventions for the prevention of platinum‐induced hearing loss in children with cancer (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Sodium thiosulfate vs no otoprotective intervention
Ototoxicity according to Brock criteria with intravenous platinum (combined asymptomatic and symptomatic disease) · children with cancer treated with platinum‐based therapy
Medical interventions for the prevention of platinum‐induced hearing loss in children with cancer (2019) · Cochrane
RR 0.52 [0.33, 0.81]1 study · 101 participantsModerate
Sodium thiosulfate vs no otoprotective intervention
Survival · children with cancer treated with platinum‐based therapy
Medical interventions for the prevention of platinum‐induced hearing loss in children with cancer (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Sodium thiosulfate vs no otoprotective intervention
Overall survival with intravenous platinum (i.e. mortality/number of participants deceased) · children with cancer treated with platinum‐based therapy
Medical interventions for the prevention of platinum‐induced hearing loss in children with cancer (2019) · Cochrane
HR 0.43 [0.03, 5.85]1 study · 109 participantsLow
Sodium thiosulfate vs no otoprotective intervention
Event‐free survival with intravenous platinum (i.e. number of participants with disease progression, disease relapse, second primary cancer or death) · children with cancer treated with platinum‐based therapy
Medical interventions for the prevention of platinum‐induced hearing loss in children with cancer (2019) · Cochrane
HR 0.85 [0.37, 1.94]1 study · 109 participantsLow
Sodium thiosulfate vs no otoprotective intervention
Tumour response · children with cancer treated with platinum‐based therapy
Medical interventions for the prevention of platinum‐induced hearing loss in children with cancer (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Sodium thiosulfate vs no otoprotective intervention
Tumour response with intravenous platinum (complete and partial remission) · children with cancer treated with platinum‐based therapy
Medical interventions for the prevention of platinum‐induced hearing loss in children with cancer (2019) · Cochrane
RR 1.06 [0.98, 1.15]1 study · 108 participantsLow
Sodium thiosulfate vs no otoprotective intervention
Adverse effects other than ototoxicity (≥ grade 3 according to NCICTCAEv3 criteria) with intravenous platinum · children with cancer treated with platinum‐based therapy
Medical interventions for the prevention of platinum‐induced hearing loss in children with cancer (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 109 participantsLow
Sodium thiosulfate vs no otoprotective intervention
Quality of life · children with cancer treated with platinum‐based therapy
Medical interventions for the prevention of platinum‐induced hearing loss in children with cancer (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Sodium thiosulfate vs no otoprotective intervention
Quality of life – not reported · children with cancer treated with platinum‐based therapy
Medical interventions for the prevention of platinum‐induced hearing loss in children with cancer (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Amifostine vs no otoprotective intervention
Ototoxicity according to NCICTCv2 criteria with intravenous platinum (combined asymptomatic and symptomatic disease) Objective and subjective audiometric evaluations were performed, no further information provided · children with cancer treated with platinum‐based therapy
Medical interventions for the prevention of platinum‐induced hearing loss in children with cancer (2019) · Cochrane
RR 1.04 [0.76, 1.44]1 study · 36 participantsLow
Amifostine vs no otoprotective intervention
Ototoxicity according to modified Brock criteria with intravenous platinum (combined asymptomatic and symptomatic disease) Audiograms were performed, but no further information provided · children with cancer treated with platinum‐based therapy
Medical interventions for the prevention of platinum‐induced hearing loss in children with cancer (2019) · Cochrane
RR 1.07 [0.74, 1.55]1 study · 82 participantsLow
Amifostine vs no otoprotective intervention
Survival · children with cancer treated with platinum‐based therapy
Medical interventions for the prevention of platinum‐induced hearing loss in children with cancer (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Amifostine vs no otoprotective intervention
Survival (overall and event‐free) – not reported · children with cancer treated with platinum‐based therapy
Medical interventions for the prevention of platinum‐induced hearing loss in children with cancer (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Amifostine vs no otoprotective intervention
Tumour response · children with cancer treated with platinum‐based therapy
Medical interventions for the prevention of platinum‐induced hearing loss in children with cancer (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Amifostine vs no otoprotective intervention
Tumour response with intra‐arterial platinum (good and partial remission) · children with cancer treated with platinum‐based therapy
Medical interventions for the prevention of platinum‐induced hearing loss in children with cancer (2019) · Cochrane
RR 1.6 [0.97, 2.63]1 study · 27 participantsLow
Amifostine vs no otoprotective intervention
Renal toxicity/vomiting/ cardiotoxicity (all grade ≥ 3 according to NCICTCv2 criteria) with intra‐arterial platinum · children with cancer treated with platinum‐based therapy
Medical interventions for the prevention of platinum‐induced hearing loss in children with cancer (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 28 participantsLow
Amifostine vs no otoprotective intervention
Quality of life · children with cancer treated with platinum‐based therapy
Medical interventions for the prevention of platinum‐induced hearing loss in children with cancer (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Dinutuximab‐containing immunotherapy vs standard therapy
Overall survival (reported as mortality) · People with high‐risk neuroblastoma pre‐treated with autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Anti‐GD2 antibody‐containing immunotherapy postconsolidation therapy for people with high‐risk neuroblastoma… (2019) · Cochrane
HR 0.5 [0.31, 0.8]1 study · 226 participantsModerate
Dinutuximab‐containing immunotherapy vs standard therapy
Treatment‐related mortality ‐ not reported · People with high‐risk neuroblastoma pre‐treated with autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Anti‐GD2 antibody‐containing immunotherapy postconsolidation therapy for people with high‐risk neuroblastoma… (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Dinutuximab‐containing immunotherapy vs standard therapy
Progression‐free survival ‐ not reported · People with high‐risk neuroblastoma pre‐treated with autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Anti‐GD2 antibody‐containing immunotherapy postconsolidation therapy for people with high‐risk neuroblastoma… (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Dinutuximab‐containing immunotherapy vs standard therapy
Event‐free survival (reported as relapse, progressive disease, secondary cancer, and mortality) · People with high‐risk neuroblastoma pre‐treated with autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Anti‐GD2 antibody‐containing immunotherapy postconsolidation therapy for people with high‐risk neuroblastoma… (2019) · Cochrane
HR 0.61 [0.41, 0.92]1 study · 226 participantsModerate
Dinutuximab‐containing immunotherapy vs standard therapy
Early toxicity ‐ not reported · People with high‐risk neuroblastoma pre‐treated with autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Anti‐GD2 antibody‐containing immunotherapy postconsolidation therapy for people with high‐risk neuroblastoma… (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Dinutuximab‐containing immunotherapy vs standard therapy
Late non‐haematological toxicity ‐ not reported · People with high‐risk neuroblastoma pre‐treated with autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Anti‐GD2 antibody‐containing immunotherapy postconsolidation therapy for people with high‐risk neuroblastoma… (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Dinutuximab‐containing immunotherapy vs standard therapy
Health‐related quality of life ‐ not reported · People with high‐risk neuroblastoma pre‐treated with autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Anti‐GD2 antibody‐containing immunotherapy postconsolidation therapy for people with high‐risk neuroblastoma… (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Summary of findings: urate oxidase vs allopurinol
Incidence of clinical tumour lysis syndrome ( · children with haematological malignancy at risk of tumour lysis syndrome
Urate oxidase for the prevention and treatment of tumour lysis syndrome in children with cancer (2017) · Cochrane
RR 0.77 [0.44, 1.33]1 study · 348 participantsLow
Summary of findings: high‐dose urate oxidase vs low‐dose urate oxidase
Renal failure requiring renal replacement therapy · children with haematological malignancy at risk of tumour lysis syndrome
Urate oxidase for the prevention and treatment of tumour lysis syndrome in children with cancer (2017) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 29 participantsLow
Summary of findings: high‐dose urate oxidase vs low‐dose urate oxidase
Normalisation of serum uric acid ( · children with haematological malignancy at risk of tumour lysis syndrome
Urate oxidase for the prevention and treatment of tumour lysis syndrome in children with cancer (2017) · Cochrane
RR 1.07 [0.89, 1.28]1 study · 29 participantsLow
Summary of findings: high‐dose urate oxidase vs low‐dose urate oxidase
Percentage reduction in serum uric acid level at 4 hours ( · children with haematological malignancy at risk of tumour lysis syndrome
Urate oxidase for the prevention and treatment of tumour lysis syndrome in children with cancer (2017) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 29 participantsLow
Summary of findings: high‐dose urate oxidase vs low‐dose urate oxidase
AUC of serum uric acid level · children with haematological malignancy at risk of tumour lysis syndrome
Urate oxidase for the prevention and treatment of tumour lysis syndrome in children with cancer (2017) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Summary of findings: high‐dose urate oxidase vs low‐dose urate oxidase
Frequency of adverse events ( · children with haematological malignancy at risk of tumour lysis syndrome
Urate oxidase for the prevention and treatment of tumour lysis syndrome in children with cancer (2017) · Cochrane
RR 0.54 [0.12, 2.48]1 study · 29 participantsLow
Summary of findings: urate oxidase vs allopurinol
Mortality due to tumour lysis syndrome ( · children with haematological malignancy at risk of tumour lysis syndrome
Urate oxidase for the prevention and treatment of tumour lysis syndrome in children with cancer (2017) · Cochrane
RR 0.05 [0, 0.89]3 studies · 396 participantsLow
Summary of findings: urate oxidase vs allopurinol
Renal failure requiring renal replacement therapy ( · children with haematological malignancy at risk of tumour lysis syndrome
Urate oxidase for the prevention and treatment of tumour lysis syndrome in children with cancer (2017) · Cochrane
RR 0.26 [0.08, 0.89]5 studies · 992 participantsVery low
Summary of findings: urate oxidase vs allopurinol
Normalisation of serum uric acid · children with haematological malignancy at risk of tumour lysis syndrome
Urate oxidase for the prevention and treatment of tumour lysis syndrome in children with cancer (2017) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 19 participantsLow