Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

75 questions · 76 findings · 13 reviews · Bone, Joint and Muscle Trauma

No studies found 14 · 18.4%GRADE not reported 2 · 2.6%Very low 33 · 43.4%Low 16 · 21.1%Moderate 8 · 10.5%High 3 · 3.9%

Early vs delayed mobilisation

Self‐reported shoulder function: Croft Shoulder Disability Score (1 or more problems) · adults with minimally displaced or displaced (2‐part or 3‐part) proximal humeral fractures treated non‐surgically (5 trials)

It is very uncertain whether early changes self‐reported shoulder function: Croft Shoulder Disability Score (1… compared with delayed mobilisation (very low certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Cemented vs uncemented hemiarthroplasty

Mobility, early (within 4 months): able to walk outdoors using no more than 1 walking aid. · adults with displaced and undisplaced hip fractures

Cemented showed no clear difference in mobility, early (within 4 months): able to walk outdoors using no… compared with uncemented hemiarthroplasty (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Early active flexion plus controlled passive exercise regimen vs controlled passive exercise regimen following surgery

Adverse events: participants incurring one or more adverse events · participants undergoing rehabilitation following surgery for flexor tendon injuries of the handa

It is very uncertain whether early active flexion plus controlled passive exercise regimen changes adverse events: participants incurring one or more adverse events compared with early controlled passive exercise regimen (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings: balance and functional exercises vs control (e.g. usual activities)

Number of people sustaining one or more fall‐related fractures · Older people living in the community (trials focusing on people recently discharged from hospital were not included)

Summary of findings: balance and functional exercises may leads to lower number of people who experienced one or more fall‐related fractures. compared with control (e.g. usual activities) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings: resistance exercises vs control (e.g. usual activities)

Number of people who experienced one or more falls · Older people living in the community (trials focusing on people recently discharged from hospital were not included)

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings: resistance exercises changes number of people who experienced 1 or more falls compared with control (e.g. usual activities) (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings: resistance exercises vs control (e.g. usual activities)

Number of people sustaining one or more fall‐related fractures · Older people living in the community (trials focusing on people recently discharged from hospital were not included)

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings: resistance exercises changes number of people who experienced 1 or more fall‐related fractures compared with control (e.g. usual activities) (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings: 3D (Tai Chi) exercise vs control (e.g. usual activities)

Number of people who experienced one or more falls · Older people living in the community (trials focusing on people recently discharged from hospital were not included)

Summary of findings: 3D (Tai Chi) exercise leads to lower number of people who experienced one or more falls compared with control (e.g. usual activities) (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings: 3D (Tai Chi) exercise vs control (e.g. usual activities)

Number of people sustaining one or more fall‐related fractures · Older people living in the community (trials focusing on people recently discharged from hospital were not included)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Exercise vs control (e.g. usual activities)

Number of people who experienced one or more falls · Older people living in the community (trials focusing on people recently discharged from hospital were not included)

Summary of findings: exercise (all types) leads to lower number of people who experienced one or more falls compared with control (e.g. usual activities) (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings: 3D (dance) exercise vs control (e.g. usual activities)

Number of people who experienced one or more falls · Older people living in the community (trials focusing on people recently discharged from hospital were not included)

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings: 3D (dance) exercise changes number of people who experienced one or more falls compared with control (e.g. usual activities) (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings: 3D (dance) exercise vs control (e.g. usual activities)

Number of people sustaining one or more fall‐related fractures · Older people living in the community (trials focusing on people recently discharged from hospital were not included)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings: walking programme (general physical activity) vs control (e.g. usual activities)

Number of people who experienced one or more falls · Older people living in the community (trials focusing on people recently discharged from hospital were not included)

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings: walking programme (general physical activity) changes number of people who experienced one or more falls compared with control (e.g. usual activities) (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings: walking programme (general physical activity) vs control (e.g. usual activities)

Number of people sustaining one or more fall‐related fractures · Older people living in the community (trials focusing on people recently discharged from hospital were not included)

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings: walking programme (general physical activity) changes number of people who experienced one or more fall‐related fractures compared with control (e.g. usual activities) (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings: multiple categories of exercise vs control (e.g. usual activities)

Number of people who experienced one or more falls · Older people living in the community (trials focusing on people recently discharged from hospital were not included)

Summary of findings: multiple categories of exercise probably leads to lower number of people who experienced one or more falls compared with control (e.g. usual activities) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Exercise vs control (e.g. usual activities)

Number of people sustaining one or more fall‐related fractures · Older people living in the community (trials focusing on people recently discharged from hospital were not included)

Summary of findings: exercise (all types) may leads to lower number of people who experienced one or more fall‐related fractures compared with control (e.g. usual activities) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review