Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

115 questions · 123 findings · 31 reviews · Schizophrenia

No studies found 15 · 12.2%GRADE not reported 19 · 15.4%Very low 36 · 29.3%Low 23 · 18.7%Moderate 26 · 21.1%High 4 · 3.3%

Anticholinergic medication vs other treatments

Tardive dyskinesia: No clinically important improvement · chronic schizophrenia patients with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia

It is very uncertain whether anticholinergic medication changes tardive dyskinesia: Not improved to a clinically important extent compared with other treatments (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

INDIVIDUAL PSYCHODYNAMIC PSYCHOTHERAPY vs medication

Global impression: 2. Given medication during 12 months to three years · patients with schizophrenia and severe mental illness

INDIVIDUAL PSYCHODYNAMIC PSYCHOTHERAPY may leads to lower global impression: 2. Given medication during 12 months to three years compared with MEDICATION (low certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

RISPERIDONE vs CLOZAPINE ‐ all data short term

Adherence to antipsychotic medication: discontinued medication · people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse

It is very uncertain whether RISPERIDONE changes adherence to antipsychotic medication: discontinued medication compared with CLOZAPINE ‐ all data short term (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Benzodiazepines vs ANTIHISTAMINES + ANTIPSYCHOTICS

Global impression ‐ need for additional medication ‐ medium term Number of participants requiring additional medication · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation

Benzodiazepines showed no clear difference in global state: need for additional medication ‐ medium termNumber of… compared with antihistamines plus antipsychotics (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

BENZODIAZEPINES + ANTIPSYCHOTICS vs same enzodiazepines

Global impression ‐ need for additional medication ‐ medium term Number of participants requiring additional medication · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation

Benzodiazepines + antipsychotics showed no clear difference in global state: need for additional medication ‐ + haloperidol ‐… compared with same enzodiazepines (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Benzodiazepines vs placebo

Global impression ‐ need for additional medication ‐ medium term Number of participants requiring additional medication · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation

It is very uncertain whether benzodiazepines changes global state: need for additional medication ‐ medium termNumber of… compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

COURT ORDERED OUTPATIENT COMMITMENT vs ENTIRELY VOLUNTARY CARE

Compliance with medication · people with severe mental disorders

COURT ORDERED OUTPATIENT COMMITMENT showed no clear difference in health service outcomes: 4. Compliance with medication by 11 to 12… compared with ENTIRELY VOLUNTARY CARE (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: f. PERPHENAZINE

Adverse effects: Clinically important general adverse effect (EPSEs requiring medication ‐ medium term) · schizophrenia

It is very uncertain whether zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride changes adverse effects: Clinically important general adverse effect (EPSEs… compared with perphenazine (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride vs RISPERIDONE

Adverse effects: Clinically important general adverse effect ‐ short term (EPSEs requiring medication) · schizophrenia

It is very uncertain whether zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride changes adverse effects: Clinically important general adverse effect ‐ short… compared with risperidone (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

CHLORPROMAZINE LOW DOSE (≤ 400 mg/day) vs MEDIUM DOSE (401 mg/day to 800 mg/day)

Global state: needing additional medication (sedation with chloral hydrate or a barbiturate > 5 times) ‐ medium term · patients with schizophrenia

CHLORPROMAZINE LOW DOSE (≤ 400 mg/day) showed no clear difference in global state: needing additional medication (sedation with chloral… compared with MEDIUM DOSE (401 mg/day to 800 mg/day) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review