Chemoradiotherapy may leads to lower use of salvage procedures for dysphagia compared with chemoradiotherapy plus surgery (low certainty).
Brachytherapy showed no clear difference in adverse effects compared with brachytherapy plus radiotherapy (moderate certainty).
Brachytherapy showed no clear difference in adverse effects ‐ stricture compared with brachytherapy plus radiotherapy (high certainty).
Chemotherapy probably leads to lower overall survival compared with placebo, best supportive care (BSC) or no treatment (moderate certainty).
Chemotherapy leads to lower progression‐free survival compared with placebo, best supportive care (BSC) or no treatment (high certainty).
Chemotherapy probably leads to higher serious adverse events compared with placebo, best supportive care (BSC) or no treatment (moderate certainty).
Chemotherapy showed no clear difference in tumour response rate compared with placebo, best supportive care (BSC) or no treatment (low certainty).
Chemotherapy showed no clear difference in any adverse events compared with placebo, best supportive care (BSC) or no treatment (high certainty).
Chemotherapy probably leads to lower overall survival compared with best supportive care (moderate certainty).
Chemotherapy probably leads to lower time to progression compared with best supportive care (moderate certainty).
Chemmotherapy combined with biological therapy showed no clear difference in overall survival compared with chemotherapy (moderate certainty).
It is very uncertain whether chemmotherapy combined with biological therapy changes progression‐free survival compared with chemotherapy (very low certainty).
It is very uncertain whether chemmotherapy combined with biological therapy changes serious adverse events compared with chemotherapy (very low certainty).
It is very uncertain whether chemmotherapy combined with biological therapy changes tumour response rate compared with chemotherapy (very low certainty).
Chemmotherapy combined with biological therapy showed no clear difference in any adverse events compared with chemotherapy (moderate certainty).
Chemmotherapy combined with biological therapy showed no clear difference in quality of life (QoL) compared with chemotherapy (low certainty).
Eradication therapy combined with periodontal therapy probably leads to higher eradication rate of gastric H. pylori compared with eradication therapy alone (moderate certainty).
Eradication therapy combined with periodontal therapy may leads to higher non‐recurrence rate of gastric H. pylori compared with eradication therapy alone (low certainty).
The review found no eligible studies for this question.