Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

58 questions · 97 findings · 5 reviews · Oral and maxillofacial surgery

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No studies found 0 · 0%GRADE not reported 91 · 93.8%Very low 0 · 0%Low 0 · 0%Moderate 2 · 2.1%High 4 · 4.1%

Genetically predicted DMFS (dental caries) vs Reference (1-SD lower genetically predicted DMFS)

Osteoporosis · European-ancestry adults

In multivariable MR (adjusted for periodontitis), higher genetically predicted dental caries (DMFS) causally increased osteoporosis risk (OR 1.165, moderate evidence).

2 findings from 1 review

From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. 2025 All outcomes
Lifelong genetic liability · European-ancestry population (two-sample MR: GLIDE exposures; FinnGen osteoporosis/fractures; GeFOS BMD) · MVMR (IVW), adjusted for periodontitis
OR 1.165 [1.020, 1.331]
483725 participants
GRADE not reported
From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. 2025 All outcomes
Lifelong genetic liability · European-ancestry population (two-sample MR: GLIDE exposures; FinnGen osteoporosis/fractures; GeFOS BMD) · SVMR (IVW), total causal effect
OR 1.156 [0.994, 1.343]
483725 participants
GRADE not reported

Genetically predicted DMFS (dental caries) vs Reference (1-SD lower genetically predicted DMFS)

Bone mineral density in forearm · European-ancestry adults

Genetically predicted dental caries (DMFS) had no causal effect on forearm BMD.

1 finding from 1 review

From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. 2025 All outcomes
Lifelong genetic liability · European-ancestry population (two-sample MR: GLIDE exposures; FinnGen osteoporosis/fractures; GeFOS BMD) · SVMR and MVMR (IVW)
No causal effect of oral diseases on FA-BMD was found (SVMR and MVMR); no numeric estimate reported in text (see Fig. 3).
8143 participants
GRADE not reported

Genetically predicted periodontitis vs Lower genetically predicted periodontitis liability

Forearm fracture · European GWAS participants

The SVMR Weighted Median interval included the null.

3 findings from 1 review

From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. 2025 All outcomes
Summary-level GWAS · SVMR Weighted Median
OR 0.992 [0.945, 1.042]
490889 participants
GRADE not reported
From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. 2025 All outcomes
Summary-level GWAS · SVMR MR-Egger
OR 0.994 [0.948, 1.042]
490889 participants
GRADE not reported
From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. 2025 All outcomes
Summary-level GWAS · SVMR Maximum Likelihood
OR 0.990 [0.950, 1.032]
490889 participants
GRADE not reported

Genetically predicted DMFS (dental caries) vs Lower genetically predicted DMFS

Osteoporosis with pathological fracture · European GWAS participants

The SVMR MR-Egger interval included the null.

3 findings from 1 review

From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. 2025 All outcomes
Summary-level GWAS · SVMR MR-Egger
OR 1.097 [0.598, 2.011]
376746 participants
GRADE not reported
From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. 2025 All outcomes
Summary-level GWAS · SVMR Weighted Median
OR 1.181 [0.748, 1.866]
376746 participants
GRADE not reported
From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. 2025 All outcomes
Summary-level GWAS · SVMR Maximum Likelihood
OR 1.278 [0.921, 1.773]
376746 participants
GRADE not reported

Genetically predicted periodontitis vs Lower genetically predicted periodontitis liability, adjusted for DMFS

Lumbar spine and pelvis fracture · European GWAS participants

The MVMR MR-Egger interval included the null.

1 finding from 1 review

From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. 2025 All outcomes
Summary-level GWAS · MVMR MR-Egger
OR 1.062 [0.991, 1.137]
490700 participants
GRADE not reported

Genetically predicted DMFS (dental caries) vs Reference (1-SD lower genetically predicted DMFS)

Lumbar spine and pelvis fracture · European-ancestry adults

Genetically predicted dental caries (DMFS) had no significant causal effect on fracture of lumbar spine and pelvis (multivariable MR, OR 0.968).

2 findings from 1 review

From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. 2025 All outcomes
Lifelong genetic liability · European-ancestry population (two-sample MR: GLIDE exposures; FinnGen osteoporosis/fractures; GeFOS BMD) · MVMR (IVW), adjusted for periodontitis
OR 0.968 [0.840, 1.114]
490700 participants
GRADE not reported
From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. 2025 All outcomes
Lifelong genetic liability · European-ancestry population (two-sample MR: GLIDE exposures; FinnGen osteoporosis/fractures; GeFOS BMD) · SVMR (IVW), total causal effect
OR 0.950 [0.810, 1.113]
490700 participants
GRADE not reported

Genetically predicted DMFS (dental caries) vs Reference (1-SD lower genetically predicted DMFS)

Forearm fracture · European-ancestry adults

Genetically predicted dental caries (DMFS) had no significant causal effect on fracture of forearm (multivariable MR, OR 0.973).

2 findings from 1 review

From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. 2025 All outcomes
Lifelong genetic liability · European-ancestry population (two-sample MR: GLIDE exposures; FinnGen osteoporosis/fractures; GeFOS BMD) · MVMR (IVW), adjusted for periodontitis
OR 0.973 [0.891, 1.063]
490889 participants
GRADE not reported
From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. 2025 All outcomes
Lifelong genetic liability · European-ancestry population (two-sample MR: GLIDE exposures; FinnGen osteoporosis/fractures; GeFOS BMD) · SVMR (IVW), total causal effect
OR 0.921 [0.838, 1.012]
490889 participants
GRADE not reported

Genetically predicted DMFS (dental caries) vs Lower genetically predicted DMFS

Femur fracture · European GWAS participants

The SVMR MR-Egger interval included the null.

3 findings from 1 review

From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. 2025 All outcomes
Summary-level GWAS · SVMR MR-Egger
OR 0.893 [0.678, 1.175]
489106 participants
GRADE not reported
From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. 2025 All outcomes
Summary-level GWAS · SVMR Maximum Likelihood
OR 1.137 [0.976, 1.325]
489106 participants
GRADE not reported
From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. 2025 All outcomes
Summary-level GWAS · SVMR Weighted Median
OR 1.094 [0.884, 1.354]
489106 participants
GRADE not reported

Genetically predicted periodontitis vs Lower genetically predicted periodontitis liability

Osteoporosis with pathological fracture · European-ancestry adults

Genetically predicted periodontitis had no causal effect on osteoporosis with pathological fracture (single-variable MR, OR 1.003).

2 findings from 1 review

From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. 2025 All outcomes
Lifelong genetic liability · European-ancestry population (two-sample MR: GLIDE exposures; FinnGen osteoporosis/fractures; GeFOS BMD) · SVMR (IVW), total causal effect
OR 1.003 [0.875, 1.150]
376746 participants
GRADE not reported
From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. 2025 All outcomes
Lifelong genetic liability · European-ancestry population (two-sample MR: GLIDE exposures; FinnGen osteoporosis/fractures; GeFOS BMD) · MVMR (IVW), adjusted for DMFS
OR 1.003 [0.546, 1.842]
376746 participants
GRADE not reported

Genetically predicted DMFS (dental caries) vs Lower genetically predicted DMFS

Lumbar spine and pelvis fracture · European GWAS participants

The SVMR Weighted Median interval included the null.

3 findings from 1 review

From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. 2025 All outcomes
Summary-level GWAS · SVMR Weighted Median
OR 0.867 [0.691, 1.087]
490700 participants
GRADE not reported
From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. 2025 All outcomes
Summary-level GWAS · SVMR Maximum Likelihood
OR 0.950 [0.808, 1.117]
490700 participants
GRADE not reported
From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. 2025 All outcomes
Summary-level GWAS · SVMR MR-Egger
OR 0.994 [0.729, 1.355]
490700 participants
GRADE not reported

Genetically predicted DMFS (dental caries) vs Reference (1-SD lower genetically predicted DMFS)

Postmenopausal osteoporosis with pathological fracture · Postmenopausal women (European ancestry)

In multivariable MR (adjusted for periodontitis), genetically predicted dental caries (DMFS) causally increased postmenopausal osteoporosis with pathological fracture (OR 1.422, moderate evidence).

2 findings from 1 review

From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. 2025 All outcomes
Lifelong genetic liability · European-ancestry population (two-sample MR: GLIDE exposures; FinnGen osteoporosis/fractures; GeFOS BMD) · MVMR (IVW), adjusted for periodontitis
OR 1.422 [1.027, 1.969]
281786 participants
GRADE not reported
From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. 2025 All outcomes
Lifelong genetic liability · European-ancestry population (two-sample MR: GLIDE exposures; FinnGen osteoporosis/fractures; GeFOS BMD) · SVMR (IVW), total causal effect
OR 1.343 [0.948, 1.901]
281786 participants
GRADE not reported

Genetically predicted periodontitis vs Lower genetically predicted periodontitis liability, adjusted for DMFS

Lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD) · European GWAS participants

The MVMR IVW interval included zero.

1 finding from 1 review

From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. 2025 All outcomes
Summary-level GWAS · MVMR IVW
BETA 0.047 [-0.002, 0.096]
28498 participants
GRADE not reported

Genetically predicted periodontitis vs Lower genetically predicted periodontitis liability

Lumbar spine and pelvis fracture · European-ancestry adults

Genetically predicted periodontitis had no causal effect on fracture of lumbar spine and pelvis (multivariable MR, OR 1.060).

2 findings from 1 review

From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. 2025 All outcomes
Lifelong genetic liability · European-ancestry population (two-sample MR: GLIDE exposures; FinnGen osteoporosis/fractures; GeFOS BMD) · MVMR (IVW), adjusted for DMFS
OR 1.060 [0.989, 1.135]
490700 participants
GRADE not reported
From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. 2025 All outcomes
Lifelong genetic liability · European-ancestry population (two-sample MR: GLIDE exposures; FinnGen osteoporosis/fractures; GeFOS BMD) · SVMR (IVW), total causal effect
OR 1.055 [0.984, 1.130]
490700 participants
GRADE not reported

Genetically predicted DMFS (dental caries) vs Lower genetically predicted DMFS, adjusted for periodontitis

Osteoporosis · European GWAS participants

The MVMR MR-Egger interval excluded the null.

1 finding from 1 review

From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. 2025 All outcomes
Summary-level GWAS · MVMR MR-Egger
OR 1.343 [1.015, 1.778]
483725 participants
GRADE not reported

Genetically predicted periodontitis vs Lower genetically predicted periodontitis liability, adjusted for DMFS

Forearm fracture · European GWAS participants

The MVMR MR-Egger interval included the null.

1 finding from 1 review

From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. 2025 All outcomes
Summary-level GWAS · MVMR MR-Egger
OR 0.992 [0.950, 1.036]
490889 participants
GRADE not reported

Genetically predicted periodontitis vs Lower genetically predicted periodontitis liability

Femoral neck bone mineral density (FN-BMD) · European-ancestry adults

Genetically predicted periodontitis had no causal effect on femoral neck BMD.

1 finding from 1 review

From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. 2025 All outcomes
Lifelong genetic liability · European-ancestry population (two-sample MR: GLIDE exposures; FinnGen osteoporosis/fractures; GeFOS BMD) · SVMR and MVMR (IVW)
No causal effect of oral diseases on FN-BMD was found (SVMR and MVMR); no numeric estimate reported in text (see Fig. 3).
32735 participants
GRADE not reported

Genetically predicted DMFS (dental caries) vs Reference (1-SD lower genetically predicted DMFS)

Femoral neck bone mineral density (FN-BMD) · European-ancestry adults

Genetically predicted dental caries (DMFS) had no causal effect on femoral neck BMD.

1 finding from 1 review

From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. 2025 All outcomes
Lifelong genetic liability · European-ancestry population (two-sample MR: GLIDE exposures; FinnGen osteoporosis/fractures; GeFOS BMD) · SVMR and MVMR (IVW)
No causal effect of oral diseases on FN-BMD was found (SVMR and MVMR); no numeric estimate reported in text (see Fig. 3).
32735 participants
GRADE not reported

Genetically predicted periodontitis vs Lower genetically predicted periodontitis liability

Femur fracture · European-ancestry adults

Genetically predicted periodontitis had no causal effect on fracture of femur (multivariable MR, OR 1.034).

2 findings from 1 review

From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. 2025 All outcomes
Lifelong genetic liability · European-ancestry population (two-sample MR: GLIDE exposures; FinnGen osteoporosis/fractures; GeFOS BMD) · MVMR (IVW), adjusted for DMFS
OR 1.034 [0.963, 1.109]
489106 participants
GRADE not reported
From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. 2025 All outcomes
Lifelong genetic liability · European-ancestry population (two-sample MR: GLIDE exposures; FinnGen osteoporosis/fractures; GeFOS BMD) · SVMR (IVW), total causal effect
OR 1.044 [0.982, 1.110]
489106 participants
GRADE not reported

Genetically predicted DMFS (dental caries) vs Lower genetically predicted DMFS

Lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD) · European GWAS participants

The SVMR IVW interval excluded zero.

1 finding from 1 review

From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. 2025 All outcomes
Summary-level GWAS · SVMR IVW
BETA 0.105 [0.006, 0.205]
28498 participants
GRADE not reported

Genetically predicted periodontitis vs Lower genetically predicted periodontitis liability

Osteoporosis · European-ancestry adults

Genetically predicted periodontitis had no causal effect on osteoporosis (multivariable MR, OR 1.000).

2 findings from 1 review

From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. 2025 All outcomes
Lifelong genetic liability · European-ancestry population (two-sample MR: GLIDE exposures; FinnGen osteoporosis/fractures; GeFOS BMD) · MVMR (IVW), adjusted for DMFS
OR 1.000 [0.937, 1.067]
483725 participants
GRADE not reported
From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. 2025 All outcomes
Lifelong genetic liability · European-ancestry population (two-sample MR: GLIDE exposures; FinnGen osteoporosis/fractures; GeFOS BMD) · SVMR (IVW), total causal effect
OR 0.998 [0.933, 1.067]
483725 participants
GRADE not reported