What do systematic reviews say?

Healthcare professional‐led breastfeeding education and support vs usual care

Healthcare professional‐led breastfeeding education and support may leads to higher initiation of breastfeeding compared with standard care (low certainty).

• Interventions for promoting the initiation of breastfeeding 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.43 [1.07, 1.92]
  5 studies · 564 participants
  Low

Healthcare professional‐led breastfeeding education and support vs usual care

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for promoting the initiation of breastfeeding 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Non‐healthcare professional‐led breastfeeding education and support vs usual care

Non‐healthcare professional‐led breastfeeding education and support may leads to higher initiation of breastfeeding compared with standard care (low certainty).

• Interventions for promoting the initiation of breastfeeding 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.22 [1.06, 1.4]
  8 studies · 5712 participants
  Low

Non‐healthcare professional‐led breastfeeding education and support vs usual care

It is very uncertain whether non‐healthcare professional‐led breastfeeding education and support changes early initiation of breastfeeding compared with standard care (very low certainty).

• Interventions for promoting the initiation of breastfeeding 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.7 [0.98, 2.95]
  3 studies · 76373 participants
  Very low

Multiple methods of breastfeeding support (including social, educational and/or physical support) vs usual care

It is very uncertain whether multiple methods of breastfeeding support (including social,… changes any breastfeeding at 6 months compared with usual care (very low certainty).

• Interventions for supporting the initiation and continuation of breastfeeding among women who are overweight or obese 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.42 [1.08, 1.87]
  2 studies · 223 participants
  Very low
• Interventions for supporting the initiation and continuation of breastfeeding among women who are overweight or obese 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.04 [0.57, 1.89]
  2 studies · 103 participants
  Very low

Multiple methods of breastfeeding support (including social, educational and/or physical support) vs usual care

It is very uncertain whether multiple methods of breastfeeding support (including social,… changes non‐initiation of breastfeeding compared with usual care (very low certainty).

• Interventions for supporting the initiation and continuation of breastfeeding among women who are overweight or obese 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.03 [0.07, 16.11]
  3 studies · 380 participants
  Very low

Multiple methods of breastfeeding support (including social, educational and/or physical support) vs usual care

It is very uncertain whether multiple methods of breastfeeding support (including social,… changes exclusive breastfeeding at 4‐6 weeks compared with usual care (very low certainty).

• Interventions for supporting the initiation and continuation of breastfeeding among women who are overweight or obese 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.21 [0.83, 1.77]
  4 studies · 445 participants
  Very low

Multiple methods of breastfeeding support (including social, educational and/or physical support) vs usual care

It is very uncertain whether multiple methods of breastfeeding support (including social,… changes exclusive breastfeeding at 6 months compared with usual care (very low certainty).

• Interventions for supporting the initiation and continuation of breastfeeding among women who are overweight or obese 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 7.23 [0.38, 137.08]
  1 study · 120 participants
  Very low

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in health education vs usual care (moderate certainty).

• Psychosocial interventions for supporting women to stop smoking in pregnancy 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.59 [0.99, 2.55]
  5 studies · 629 participants
  Moderate

Balanced protein and energy supplementation vs no intervention or control intervention (control)

Balanced protein and energy supplementation showed no clear difference in neonatal death compared with control or no intervention (low certainty).

• Antenatal dietary education and supplementation to increase energy and protein intake 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.68 [0.43, 1.07]
  5 studies · 3381 participants
  Low

Balanced protein and energy supplementation vs no intervention or control intervention (control)

Balanced protein and energy supplementation probably leads to lower small‐for‐gestational age compared with control or no intervention (moderate certainty).

• Antenatal dietary education and supplementation to increase energy and protein intake 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.79 [0.69, 0.9]
  7 studies · 4408 participants
  Moderate

Balanced protein and energy supplementation vs no intervention or control intervention (control)

Balanced protein and energy supplementation showed no clear difference in preterm birth compared with control or no intervention (moderate certainty).

• Antenatal dietary education and supplementation to increase energy and protein intake 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.96 [0.8, 1.16]
  5 studies · 3384 participants
  Moderate

Balanced protein and energy supplementation vs no intervention or control intervention (control)

• Antenatal dietary education and supplementation to increase energy and protein intake 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  11 studies · 5385 participants
  Moderate

Balanced protein and energy supplementation vs no intervention or control intervention (control)

• Antenatal dietary education and supplementation to increase energy and protein intake 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  9 studies · 2391 participants
  Very low

Intervention not reported

• Antenatal dietary education and supplementation to increase energy and protein intake 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in stillbirth (low certainty).

• Antenatal dietary education and supplementation to increase energy and protein intake 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.81 [0.31, 2.15]
  1 study · 529 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in neonatal death (low certainty).

• Antenatal dietary education and supplementation to increase energy and protein intake 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.78 [0.75, 10.36]
  1 study · 529 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

The intervention probably leads to higher small‐for‐gestational age (moderate certainty).

• Antenatal dietary education and supplementation to increase energy and protein intake 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.58 [1.03, 2.41]
  1 study · 505 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in preterm birth (low certainty).

• Antenatal dietary education and supplementation to increase energy and protein intake 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.14 [0.83, 1.56]
  1 study · 505 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

• Antenatal dietary education and supplementation to increase energy and protein intake 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 504 participants
  Low