Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

1,432 questions · 1,467 findings · 116 reviews · Headline outcomes only

No studies found 232 · 15.8%GRADE not reported 202 · 13.8%Very low 286 · 19.5%Low 327 · 22.3%Moderate 286 · 19.5%High 134 · 9.1%

Combination chemotherapy vs single‐agent chemotherapy

Overall survival (3 years) · people with resectable stage II and III rectal cancer undergoing preoperative chemoradiation followed by surgery

It is very uncertain whether combination chemotherapy changes overall survival (3 years) compared with single‐agent chemotherapy (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Combination chemotherapy vs single‐agent chemotherapy

Disease-free survival · people with resectable stage II and III rectal cancer undergoing preoperative chemoradiation followed by surgery

It is very uncertain whether combination chemotherapy changes disease‐free survival (3 years) compared with single‐agent chemotherapy (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Combination chemotherapy vs single‐agent chemotherapy

Complete response rate after preoperative chemoradiation (ypCR) · people with resectable stage II and III rectal cancer undergoing preoperative chemoradiation followed by surgery

Combination chemotherapy leads to higher complete response rate after preoperative chemoradiation (ypCR) compared with single‐agent chemotherapy (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Combination chemotherapy vs single‐agent chemotherapy

Toxicity ‐ early adverse events G3/4 · people with resectable stage II and III rectal cancer undergoing preoperative chemoradiation followed by surgery

Combination chemotherapy probably leads to higher toxicity ‐ early adverse events G3/4 compared with single‐agent chemotherapy (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Combination chemotherapy vs single‐agent chemotherapy

Metastases intra‐abdominal · people with resectable stage II and III rectal cancer undergoing preoperative chemoradiation followed by surgery

Combination chemotherapy showed no clear difference in metastases intra‐abdominal compared with single‐agent chemotherapy (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Combination chemotherapy vs single‐agent chemotherapy

Radiotherapy compliance · people with resectable stage II and III rectal cancer undergoing preoperative chemoradiation followed by surgery

Combination chemotherapy probably leads to lower radiotherapy compliance compared with single‐agent chemotherapy (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Combination chemotherapy vs single‐agent chemotherapy

Chemotherapy compliance · people with resectable stage II and III rectal cancer undergoing preoperative chemoradiation followed by surgery

Combination chemotherapy leads to lower chemotherapy compliance compared with single‐agent chemotherapy (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Tiotropium + LABA/ICS combination vs tiotropium

Mortality (all‐cause) · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Tiotropium + LABA/ICS combination showed no clear difference in mortality (all‐cause) compared with tiotropium (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Tiotropium + LABA/ICS combination vs tiotropium

Non‐fatal serious adverse events · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Tiotropium + LABA/ICS combination showed no clear difference in serious adverse events (non‐fatal) compared with tiotropium (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review