What do systematic reviews say?

Self‐management interventions vs usual care

Self‐management interventions showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality compared with usual care (low certainty).

• Self‐management interventions for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.86 [0.59, 1.26]
  5719 participants
  Low
• Self‐management interventions including action plans for exacerbations versus usual care in patients with chronic… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.06 [0.71, 1.59]
  16 studies · 3296 participants
  Moderate

Self‐management interventions vs usual care

Self‐management interventions showed no clear difference in all‐cause hospital admissions compared with usual care (moderate certainty).

• Self‐management interventions for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.88 [0.71, 1.08]
  2633 participants
  Moderate
• Self‐management interventions including action plans for exacerbations versus usual care in patients with chronic… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.74 [0.54, 1.03]
  10 studies · 2467 participants
  Moderate

Self‐management interventions vs usual care

• Self‐management interventions for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1401 participants
  Moderate
• Self‐management interventions including action plans for exacerbations versus usual care in patients with chronic… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 740 participants
  Moderate

Self‐management interventions vs usual care

• Self‐management interventions for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2778 participants
  Low

Self‐management interventions vs usual care

• Self‐management interventions for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  356 participants
  Low

Self‐management interventions vs usual care

• Self‐management interventions for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1939 participants
  Low

Self‐management interventions vs usual care

• Self‐management interventions for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1647 participants
  Moderate

Culturally and literacy adapted self‐management programme vs written information on the same topic

• Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 552 participants
  Moderate

Self‐management training vs usual care

• Interventions for improving health literacy in people with chronic kidney disease 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 103 participants
  Low

Self‐management interventions vs usual care

• Self‐management interventions including action plans for exacerbations versus usual care in patients with chronic… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  10 studies · 1582 participants
  High

Self‐management interventions vs usual care

• Self‐management interventions including action plans for exacerbations versus usual care in patients with chronic… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 217 participants
  Low

Self‐management interventions vs usual care

Self‐management interventions including action plans for exacerbations showed no clear difference in courses of oral steroids compared with usual care (low certainty).

• Self‐management interventions including action plans for exacerbations versus usual care in patients with chronic… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 4.38 [0.55, 34.91]
  4 studies · 963 participants
  Low

Educational interventions and self‐management training vs usual care

• Interventions for improving health literacy in people with chronic kidney disease 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  15 studies · 2185 participants
  Low

Very early treatment vs expectant management

Very early treatment showed no clear difference in chronic lung disease compared with expectant management (low certainty).

• Early treatment versus expectant management of hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus for preterm infants 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.83 [0.63, 1.08]
  7 studies · 384 participants
  Low

Early treatment vs expectant management

Early treatment showed no clear difference in chronic lung disease compared with expectant management (moderate certainty).

• Early treatment versus expectant management of hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus for preterm infants 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.9 [0.62, 1.29]
  4 studies · 339 participants
  Moderate

Summary of findings: feedback on medication adherence to physicians vs usual care

• Providing physicians with feedback on medication adherence for people with chronic diseases taking long‐term medication 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  Low

Multi‐component intervention vs other treatments/routine care

It is very uncertain whether multi‐component intervention changes adverse events: number of people experiencing an AE compared with other intervention or routine, usual care or control treatment (very low certainty).

• Digital interventions for the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.07 [0.51, 2.25]
  1 study · 166 participants
  Very low

Multi‐component intervention vs other treatments/routine care

Multi‐component intervention showed no clear difference in adverse events: number of people experiencing a serious adverse event compared with other intervention or routine, usual care or control treatment (low certainty).

• Digital interventions for the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.85 [0.55, 1.34]
  1 study · 319 participants
  Low

Multi‐component intervention vs other treatments/routine care

• Digital interventions for the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 20 participants
  Very low

Multi‐component intervention vs other treatments/routine care

• Digital interventions for the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 241 participants
  Very low