Adverse events · People undergoing orthodontic treatment (any age; 9 to 34 years in included studies)
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · Adolescents/teenagers undergoing orthodontic treatment
Experimental chewing adjuncts (bite wafers or chewing gum) showed no clear difference in patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or… compared with no chewing gum, placebo, or control (no adjunct); GRADE not reported.
5 findings from 1 review
MD -1.39 [-3.24, 0.64]
1 study · 39 participants
GRADE not reported
MD -29.16 [-51.67, -6.65]
1 study · 39 participants
GRADE not reported
MD -15.17 [-32.44, 2.11]
2 studies · 96 participants
GRADE not reported
Show 2 more findings
MD -15.38 [-28.90, -1.86]
2 studies · 96 participants
Very low
Non‐pharmacological interventions for alleviating pain during orthodontic treatment 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes1 day · Bite wafer subgroup (median data, opposite direction)
Otasevic 2006 (84 participants) presented median values only and reported higher median pain in the bite wafer group than the group who avoided chewing at one day (P = 0.006); data not suitable for meta‐analysis.
1 study · 84 participants
GRADE not reported
Adverse effects of pain treatment · Adolescents/teenagers undergoing orthodontic treatment
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
Quality of life or patient satisfaction · Adolescents/teenagers undergoing orthodontic treatment
Experimental chewing adjuncts (bite wafers or chewing gum) led to lower quality of life or patient satisfaction compared with no chewing gum, placebo, or control (no adjunct); GRADE not reported.
1 finding from 1 review
Dose/intensity and frequency of pain relief needed (analgesic/rescue medication use) · Adolescents/teenagers undergoing orthodontic treatment
1 finding from 1 review
Unstimulated whole saliva (UWS) · Adults seeking treatment for the symptom of dry mouth (xerostomia) due to any cause (e.g. medication, Sjogren's syndrome, radiotherapy,…
1 finding from 1 review
Aagaard 1992 (crossover, n=43): approximately 50% of participants had an increase in unstimulated whole saliva from all products; unclear how many completed the trial; no usable data.
1 study · 43 participants
GRADE not reported
Patient preference · Adults seeking treatment for the symptom of dry mouth (xerostomia) due to any cause (e.g. medication, Sjogren's syndrome, radiotherapy,…
1 finding from 1 review
Caries increment, surface index D(M)FS · Children and adolescents aged 16 years or less
1 finding from 1 review
Caries increment in deciduous (primary) teeth/surfaces (dmf index) · Children and adolescents aged 16 years or less
1 finding from 1 review
Fluorosis (adverse effect; % of children with fluorotic teeth) · Children and adolescents aged 16 years or less
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
Caries increment in permanent teeth · Children and adolescents aged 16 years or less
2 findings from 1 review
Caries increment in permanent teeth · Children and adolescents aged 16 years or less
3 findings from 1 review
Plaque and gingivitis scores · Children and adolescents aged 16 years or less
1 finding from 1 review
Fluorosis (adverse effect; % of children with fluorotic teeth, questionable to severe) · Children and adolescents aged 16 years or less
1 finding from 1 review
% of children with fluorotic teeth (questionable to severe), follow-up 55 months. Assumed risk 32/212 = 15%; corresponding risk 40/202 = 20% (APF once a day) and 43/197 = 22% (APF twice a day). Relative effect: Not…
1 study · 611 participants
Very low
Caries increment on permanent tooth surfaces (DMFS, approximal surfaces) · Children and adolescents aged 16 years or less
1 finding from 1 review
Caries increment in deciduous (primary) teeth/surfaces (dmf index) · Children and adolescents aged 16 years or less
1 finding from 1 review
Caries in deciduous teeth (change in dmft) · Children and adolescents aged 16 years or less
1 finding from 1 review
Adverse effects (apart from fluorosis) · Pregnant women (for preventing dental caries in the primary teeth of their children)
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
1 study
GRADE not reported
Filled primary surfaces at 3 years · Pregnant women (for preventing dental caries in the primary teeth of their children)
Fluoride supplementation (tablets, drops, lozenges or chewing gum) showed no clear difference in filled primary surfaces at 5 years compared with placebo or no treatment; GRADE not reported.
2 findings from 1 review
Caries presence in primary teeth · Pregnant women (for preventing dental caries in the primary teeth of their children)
It is very uncertain whether fluoride supplementation (tablets, drops, lozenges or chewing gum) changes children with caries in the primary teeth at 3 years compared with placebo or no treatment (very low certainty).
2 findings from 1 review