Intervention not reported
Problem behavior Measured by: standardized parent‐report measures and checklists (lower scores indicate lower levels or less severe problem behavior) · patients with young children (less than six years old) with autism spectrum disorders (ASD)
1 finding from 1 review
Spoken communication Measured by: Mullen Scale of Early Learning: Expressive Language Index (MSEL: log (base 2) transformed age equivalent scores) · minimally verbal children with autism spectrum disorder
1 finding from 1 review
Spoken communication Measured by: frequency of speech, including non‐word vocalisations (expressed as rates per minute)a · minimally verbal children with autism spectrum disorder
It is very uncertain whether summary of findings: Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) changes spoken communication Measured by: frequency of speech, including… compared with treatment (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Non‐verbal communication/AAC Measured by: frequency of use of PECS symbols (expressed as rates per minute)a · minimally verbal children with autism spectrum disorder
It is very uncertain whether summary of findings: Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) changes non‐verbal communication/AAC Measured by: frequency of use of PECS… compared with treatment (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Combined spoken and non‐verbal communication/AAC · minimally verbal children with autism spectrum disorder
It is very uncertain whether summary of findings: Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) changes combined spoken and non‐verbal communication/AAC Measured by: verbal… compared with treatment (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Adverse events · minimally verbal children with autism spectrum disorder
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Social communication and pragmatic language skills · minimally verbal children with autism spectrum disorder
It is very uncertain whether summary of findings: Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) changes social communication or pragmatic language Measured by: reciprocal… compared with treatment (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Other communication skills · minimally verbal children with autism spectrum disorder
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Quality of life for the individual or their family and parent satisfaction · minimally verbal children with autism spectrum disorder
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Non‐core aspects of behaviour and function · minimally verbal children with autism spectrum disorder
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Non‐verbal communication/AAC · minimally verbal children with autism spectrum disorder
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Combined spoken and non‐verbal communication/AAC · minimally verbal children with autism spectrum disorder
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Adverse events · minimally verbal children with autism spectrum disorder
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Social communication and pragmatic language skills · minimally verbal children with autism spectrum disorder
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Other communication skills · minimally verbal children with autism spectrum disorder
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Quality of life for the individual or their family and parent satisfaction · minimally verbal children with autism spectrum disorder
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Non‐core aspects of behaviour and function · minimally verbal children with autism spectrum disorder
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
CI: Confidence interval · minimally verbal children with autism spectrum disorder
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Intervention not reported
General Communication Ability (e.g. vocabulary) Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL) Reynell Developmental Language Scales · People with autism spectrum disorder
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
71 participants
Very low
Intervention not reported
Theory of Mind ability Various measures, including: False‐belief tasks Happe's Strange Stories Faux‐Pas Recognition Test NEPSY‐II ToM tasks The ToM Test · People with autism spectrum disorder
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
27 participants
Very low