What do systematic reviews say?

Post‐treatment communication (text messaging) vs No communication (no text message)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Non‐pharmacological interventions for alleviating pain during orthodontic treatment 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Adverse effects: Not measured.
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Low‐level laser therapy vs Placebo (or no irradiation)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Non‐pharmacological interventions for alleviating pain during orthodontic treatment 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Adverse effects: Not measured.
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

CBT vs No special instructions (control)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Non‐pharmacological interventions for alleviating pain during orthodontic treatment 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Adverse effects for CBT: Not measured.
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Experimental chewing adjuncts (bite wafers or chewing gum) vs No chewing gum, placebo, or control (no adjunct)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Non‐pharmacological interventions for alleviating pain during orthodontic treatment 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Adverse effects: Not measured.
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Brain wave music (BWM) vs No special instructions (control)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Non‐pharmacological interventions for alleviating pain during orthodontic treatment 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Adverse effects for BWM: Not measured.
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Vibratory stimulation (vibratory adjuncts) vs No vibration or placebo vibration

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Non‐pharmacological interventions for alleviating pain during orthodontic treatment 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Adverse effects: Not measured.
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

New‐generation antidepressants vs placebo

New‐generation antidepressants showed no clear difference in adverse effects (drop‐outs due to adverse effects) compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Pharmacological interventions for somatoform disorders in adults 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.26 [0.52, 9.81]
  2 studies · 163 participants
  Low

Natural products vs placebo

Natural products showed no clear difference in adverse effects (drop‐outs due to adverse effects4) compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Pharmacological interventions for somatoform disorders in adults 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.54 [0.08, 3.5]
  3 studies · 506 participants
  Low

Tricyclic antidepressants vs another medication

Tricyclic antidepressants showed no clear difference in adverse effects (drop‐outs due to adverse effects4) compared with another medication (low certainty).

• Pharmacological interventions for somatoform disorders in adults 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.37 [0.39, 14.28]
  8 studies · 556 participants
  Low

Antidepressants vs a combination of medications

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Pharmacological interventions for somatoform disorders in adults 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Tricyclic antidepressants vs placebo

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Pharmacological interventions for somatoform disorders in adults 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Intervention not reported

• Psychological and pharmacological interventions for depression in patients with diabetes mellitus and depression 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 28 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

• Psychological and pharmacological interventions for depression in patients with diabetes mellitus and depression 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 291 participants
  Low

Summary of findings table ‐ Topical capsaicin vs placebo

• Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders 2010 · Cochrane All outcomes

  4 weeks
  Three participants from the topical capsaicin group withdrew from the study by Winocur et al 2000 due to the severity of the burning sensation and redness.
  1 study · 30 participants
  GRADE not reported

Oral gabapentin vs placebo

• Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders 2010 · Cochrane All outcomes

  12 weeks
  Four of the participants withdrew from the study by Kimos et al 2007 due to adverse effects, but neither the type of adverse effect nor the trial group was specified.
  1 study · 44 participants
  GRADE not reported

Oral glucosamine hydrochloride/chondroitin sulphate vs placebo

• Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders 2010 · Cochrane All outcomes

  3 months
  Two allergic reactions and one severe abdominal pain led to three withdrawals from the intervention group in the study by Nguyen et al 2001.
  1 study · 45 participants
  GRADE not reported

Oral clonazepam (benzodiazepine) vs placebo

• Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders 2010 · Cochrane All outcomes

  60 days
  One participant in the clonazepam group withdrew from the study by Harkins et al 1991 due to severe headache.
  1 study · 20 participants
  GRADE not reported