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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

4,776 questions · 7,311 findings · 959 reviews · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 1,498 · 20.5%GRADE not reported 303 · 4.1%Very low 1,839 · 25.2%Low 1,991 · 27.2%Moderate 1,277 · 17.5%High 403 · 5.5%

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HFNC vs standard oxygen therapy

Treatment failure (escalation of respiratory therapy to NIV, NIPPV or invasive ventilation) Measured up to 28 days · adults in the ICU, requiring respiratory support

HFNC may leads to lower treatment failure (escalation of respiratory therapy to NIV, NIPPV… compared with standard oxygen therapy (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

HFNC vs standard oxygen therapy

In‐hospital mortality (up to 90 days; included studies reported in‐hospital mortality, and mortality up to 28 days and up to ICU discharge) · adults in the ICU, requiring respiratory support

HFNC showed no clear difference in in‐hospital mortality (up to 90 days; included studies reported… compared with standard oxygen therapy (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

HFNC vs standard oxygen therapy

Adverse events Respiratory infection (pneumonia) Nasal mucosa or skin trauma · adults in the ICU, requiring respiratory support

HFNC showed no clear difference in adverse events Respiratory infection (pneumonia) Nasal mucosa or… compared with standard oxygen therapy (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

HFNC vs NIPPV or NIV

Treatment failure (escalation of respiratory therapy to NIV, NIPPV or invasive ventilation) Measured up to 28 days · adults in the ICU, requiring respiratory support

HFNC showed no clear difference in treatment failure (escalation of respiratory therapy to NIV, NIPPV… compared with NIPPV or NIV (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

HFNC vs NIPPV or NIV

In‐hospital mortality (up to 90 days; included studies reported in‐hospital mortality, and mortality up to 28 days and up to ICU discharge) · adults in the ICU, requiring respiratory support

HFNC showed no clear difference in in‐hospital mortality (up to 90 days; included studies reported… compared with NIPPV or NIV (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings: integrated community case management vs usual facility services

Change in Infant Mortality Rate per 1000 live births1 · children U5

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings: integrated community case management changes infant mortality rate compared with usual facility services (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review