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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,558 questions in 115 reviews · Vascular
current versionsNo studies 346 · 22.2%Ungraded 90 · 5.8%Very low 281 · 18%Low 477 · 30.6%Moderate 313 · 20.1%High 51 · 3.3%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) vs no LMWH Incidence of compromised microcirculation requiring invasive intervention (incision) (analysed by digit, · patients undergoing digital replantation after traumatic amputation Low molecular weight heparin for prevention of microvascular occlusion in digital replantation (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.72 [0.26, 1.98] | 1 study · 73 participants | Very low |
Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) vs no LMWH Microvascular insufficiency due to vessel occlusion ‐ arterial occlusion (analysed by digit, · patients undergoing digital replantation after traumatic amputation Low molecular weight heparin for prevention of microvascular occlusion in digital replantation (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.66 [0.21, 2.05] | 1 study · 73 participants | Very low |
Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) vs no LMWH Microvascular insufficiency due to vessel occlusion ‐ venous occlusion (analysed by digit, · patients undergoing digital replantation after traumatic amputation Low molecular weight heparin for prevention of microvascular occlusion in digital replantation (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.72 [0.26, 1.98] | 1 study · 73 participants | Very low |
Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) vs no LMWH Complication and adverse reactions ‐ wound bleeding (analysed by participant, · patients undergoing digital replantation after traumatic amputation Low molecular weight heparin for prevention of microvascular occlusion in digital replantation (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Low molecular weight heparin vs unfractionated heparin Success rate of replantation1 (analysed by digit, · patients undergoing digital replantation after traumatic amputation Low molecular weight heparin for prevention of microvascular occlusion in digital replantation (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.97 [0.9, 1.04] | 2 studies · 200 participants | Low |
Low molecular weight heparin vs unfractionated heparin Incidence of compromised microcirculation requiring invasive intervention (re‐exploration) (analysed by participant/digit, · patients undergoing digital replantation after traumatic amputation Low molecular weight heparin for prevention of microvascular occlusion in digital replantation (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Low molecular weight heparin vs unfractionated heparin Incidence of compromised microcirculation requiring invasive intervention (incision) (analysed by participant/digit, · patients undergoing digital replantation after traumatic amputation Low molecular weight heparin for prevention of microvascular occlusion in digital replantation (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Low molecular weight heparin vs unfractionated heparin Microvascular insufficiency due to vessel occlusion ‐ arterial occlusion (analysed by participant/digit, · patients undergoing digital replantation after traumatic amputation Low molecular weight heparin for prevention of microvascular occlusion in digital replantation (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.08 [0.16, 7.1] | 1 study · 54 participants | Very low |
Low molecular weight heparin vs unfractionated heparin Microvascular insufficiency due to vessel occlusion ‐ venous occlusion (analysed by participant, · patients undergoing digital replantation after traumatic amputation Low molecular weight heparin for prevention of microvascular occlusion in digital replantation (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.81 [0.2, 3.27] | 1 study · 54 participants | Very low |
Low molecular weight heparin vs unfractionated heparin Complication and adverse reactions ‐ wound bleeding (analysed by participant, · patients undergoing digital replantation after traumatic amputation Low molecular weight heparin for prevention of microvascular occlusion in digital replantation (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.53 [0.23, 1.23] | 2 studies · 130 participants | Low |
Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) vs no LMWH Success rate of replantation1 (analysed by participant) · patients undergoing digital replantation after traumatic amputation Low molecular weight heparin for prevention of microvascular occlusion in digital replantation (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) vs no LMWH Success rate of replantation1 (analysed by digit, · patients undergoing digital replantation after traumatic amputation Low molecular weight heparin for prevention of microvascular occlusion in digital replantation (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.11 [0.93, 1.33] | 1 study · 73 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Arterial thrombotic events (6 to 48 hours after CC) · children with congenital heart disease undergoing CC Different unfractionated heparin doses for preventing arterial thrombosis in children undergoing cardiac… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.06 [0.58, 1.92] | 2 studies · 492 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Major bleeding events (timing not specified) · children with congenital heart disease undergoing CC Different unfractionated heparin doses for preventing arterial thrombosis in children undergoing cardiac… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 2.96 [0.12, 71.34] | 1 study · 137 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Minor bleeding events (timing not specified) · children with congenital heart disease undergoing CC Different unfractionated heparin doses for preventing arterial thrombosis in children undergoing cardiac… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.38 [0.46, 4.13] | 1 study · 137 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Other thrombotic events: venous thrombosis (up to 48 hours after CC) · children with congenital heart disease undergoing CC Different unfractionated heparin doses for preventing arterial thrombosis in children undergoing cardiac… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.34 [0.01, 8.28] | 1 study · 126 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Additional side effects of heparin · children with congenital heart disease undergoing CC Different unfractionated heparin doses for preventing arterial thrombosis in children undergoing cardiac… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Unfractionated heparin vs low molecular weight heparin Total VTE (fatal and non‐fatal) · people undergoing major amputation of the lower extremity Primary prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism in people undergoing major amputation of the lower extremity (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Heparin vs placebo All cause mortality (timing not specified) · people undergoing major amputation of the lower extremity Primary prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism in people undergoing major amputation of the lower extremity (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 40 participants | Low |
Heparin vs placebo Adverse events (timing not specified) · people undergoing major amputation of the lower extremity Primary prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism in people undergoing major amputation of the lower extremity (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Heparin vs placebo Bleeding (timing not specified) · people undergoing major amputation of the lower extremity Primary prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism in people undergoing major amputation of the lower extremity (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 40 participants | Low |
Unfractionated heparin vs low molecular weight heparin DVT (symptomatic, asymptomatic, non‐fatal) (5 to 8 days after surgery) · people undergoing major amputation of the lower extremity Primary prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism in people undergoing major amputation of the lower extremity (2020) · Cochrane | OR 1.23 [0.28, 5.35] | 1 study · 75 participants | Very low |
Unfractionated heparin vs low molecular weight heparin PE (symptomatic, asymptomatic, non‐fatal) · people undergoing major amputation of the lower extremity Primary prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism in people undergoing major amputation of the lower extremity (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Unfractionated heparin vs low molecular weight heparin All cause mortality · people undergoing major amputation of the lower extremity Primary prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism in people undergoing major amputation of the lower extremity (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Unfractionated heparin vs low molecular weight heparin Adverse events · people undergoing major amputation of the lower extremity Primary prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism in people undergoing major amputation of the lower extremity (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Unfractionated heparin vs low molecular weight heparin Bleeding (timing not specified) · people undergoing major amputation of the lower extremity Primary prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism in people undergoing major amputation of the lower extremity (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Heparin vs placebo Total VTE (fatal and non‐fatal) · people undergoing major amputation of the lower extremity Primary prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism in people undergoing major amputation of the lower extremity (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Heparin vs placebo DVT (symptomatic, asymptomatic, non‐fatal) · people undergoing major amputation of the lower extremity Primary prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism in people undergoing major amputation of the lower extremity (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Heparin vs placebo PE (symptomatic, asymptomatic, non‐fatal) (timing not specified) · people undergoing major amputation of the lower extremity Primary prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism in people undergoing major amputation of the lower extremity (2020) · Cochrane | OR 0.84 [0.35, 2.01] | 1 study · 134 participants | Low |
Does normal saline flushing in long‐term central venous catheters (CVC) prevent occlusion vs heparin flushing CVC occlusion rate per 1000 catheter days: ability to infuse solution through CVC · infants and children with a long‐term CVC Normal saline (0.9% sodium chloride) versus heparin intermittent flushing for the prevention of occlusion in… (2020) · Cochrane | Rate ratio 0.75 [0.1, 5.51] | 2 studies · 229 participants | Very low |
Does normal saline flushing in long‐term central venous catheters (CVC) prevent occlusion vs heparin flushing CVC‐associated blood stream infection rate per 1000 catheter days: incidence of positive blood culture · infants and children with a long‐term CVC Normal saline (0.9% sodium chloride) versus heparin intermittent flushing for the prevention of occlusion in… (2020) · Cochrane | Rate ratio 1.48 [0.24, 9.37] | 2 studies · 231 participants | Low |
Does normal saline flushing in long‐term central venous catheters (CVC) prevent occlusion vs heparin flushing Duration of CVC placement (days) · infants and children with a long‐term CVC Normal saline (0.9% sodium chloride) versus heparin intermittent flushing for the prevention of occlusion in… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 203 participants | Moderate |
(Oral or intravenous) prostanoid vs aspirin treatment Ulcer healing · patients with Buerger's disease Pharmacological treatment for Buerger's disease (2020) · Cochrane | RR 2.65 [1.15, 6.11] | 1 study · 98 participants | Moderate |
Any pharmacological agent vs placebo or any other pharmacological agent Ulcer healing · patients with Buerger's disease Pharmacological treatment for Buerger's disease (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Any pharmacological agent vs placebo or any other pharmacological agent Pain VAS. Scale from: 0 to 10; higher score = more pain · patients with Buerger's disease Pharmacological treatment for Buerger's disease (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 30 participants | Very low |
Any pharmacological agent vs placebo or any other pharmacological agent Change in rate of amputation (Difference in number of amputations at start of treatment) · patients with Buerger's disease Pharmacological treatment for Buerger's disease (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 30 participants | Very low |
(Oral or intravenous) prostanoid vs aspirin treatment Complete relief of rest pain · patients with Buerger's disease Pharmacological treatment for Buerger's disease (2020) · Cochrane | RR 2.28 [1.48, 3.52] | 1 study · 133 participants | Moderate |
(Oral or intravenous) prostanoid vs aspirin treatment Rate of amputation · patients with Buerger's disease Pharmacological treatment for Buerger's disease (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.32 [0.09, 1.15] | 1 study · 95 participants | Moderate |
Intravenous prostacyclin analogue vs intravenous prostaglandin analogue Ulcer healing · patients with Buerger's disease Pharmacological treatment for Buerger's disease (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.13 [0.76, 1.69] | 2 studies · 89 participants | Very low |
Intravenous prostacyclin analogue vs intravenous prostaglandin analogue Complete relief of pain · patients with Buerger's disease Pharmacological treatment for Buerger's disease (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.57 [0.72, 3.44] | 1 study · 38 participants | Low |
Intravenous prostacyclin analogue vs intravenous prostaglandin analogue Rate of amputation · patients with Buerger's disease Pharmacological treatment for Buerger's disease (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
(Oral or intravenous) prostanoid vs placebo Ulcer healing · patients with Buerger's disease Pharmacological treatment for Buerger's disease (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.11 [0.54, 2.29] | 1 study · 133 participants | Moderate |
(Oral or intravenous) prostanoid vs placebo Complete relief of rest pain · patients with Buerger's disease Pharmacological treatment for Buerger's disease (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.14 [0.79, 1.63] | 1 study · 207 participants | Moderate |
(Oral or intravenous) prostanoid vs placebo Rate of amputation · patients with Buerger's disease Pharmacological treatment for Buerger's disease (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.54 [0.19, 1.56] | 1 study · 209 participants | Moderate |
Transverse groin incision vs vertical groin incision Surgical site infection (10 to 28 days) · patients undergoing surgery with femoral artery approach Transverse versus vertical groin incision for femoral artery approach (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.25 [0.08, 0.76] | 1 study · 283 participants | Low |
Transverse groin incision vs vertical groin incision Lymphatic complications: Lymphatic leak (28 days) Lymphatic collection (28 days) · patients undergoing surgery with femoral artery approach Transverse versus vertical groin incision for femoral artery approach (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.46 [0.2, 1.02] | 116 participants | Very low |
Transverse groin incision vs vertical groin incision Infection of the vascular graft (endoprosthesis /prosthesis) (early, ≤ 4 months; late, > 4 months) · patients undergoing surgery with femoral artery approach Transverse versus vertical groin incision for femoral artery approach (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Transverse groin incision vs vertical groin incision Prolonged hospitalization (> 1 week) · patients undergoing surgery with femoral artery approach Transverse versus vertical groin incision for femoral artery approach (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Transverse groin incision vs vertical groin incision Reoperative surgery (≤ 30 days; > 30 days) · patients undergoing surgery with femoral artery approach Transverse versus vertical groin incision for femoral artery approach (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Transverse groin incision vs vertical groin incision Death · patients undergoing surgery with femoral artery approach Transverse versus vertical groin incision for femoral artery approach (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |