Gap finder
Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,589 questions in 168 reviews · Schizophrenia
current versionsNo studies 601 · 23.2%Ungraded 446 · 17.2%Very low 721 · 27.8%Low 505 · 19.5%Moderate 274 · 10.6%High 42 · 1.6%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
CLOZAPINE + RISPERIDONE vs CLOZAPINE + ZIPRASIDONE (Kuwilsky 2010) Clinical response: no clinically significant response in mental state: 20% reduction in PANSS total score Medium term (26 weeks) · people with treatment‐resistant schizophrenia Clozapine combined with different antipsychotic drugs for treatment‐resistant schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.8 [0.28, 2.27] | 1 study · 24 participants | Very low |
CLOZAPINE + RISPERIDONE vs CLOZAPINE + ZIPRASIDONE (Kuwilsky 2010) Adverse effects: weight gain · people with treatment‐resistant schizophrenia Clozapine combined with different antipsychotic drugs for treatment‐resistant schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
CLOZAPINE + RISPERIDONE vs CLOZAPINE + ZIPRASIDONE (Kuwilsky 2010) Clinical response: mean score/change in global state: mean CGI‐II Global improvement score (high = poor) Short term (6 weeks) · people with treatment‐resistant schizophrenia Clozapine combined with different antipsychotic drugs for treatment‐resistant schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 22 participants | Very low |
CLOZAPINE + RISPERIDONE vs CLOZAPINE + ZIPRASIDONE (Kuwilsky 2010) Clinical response: mean score/change in mental state: mean PANSS total score (high = poor) Medium term (26 weeks) · people with treatment‐resistant schizophrenia Clozapine combined with different antipsychotic drugs for treatment‐resistant schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 16 participants | Very low |
CLOZAPINE + RISPERIDONE vs CLOZAPINE + ZIPRASIDONE (Kuwilsky 2010) Leaving the study early: acceptability of treatment ‐ as measured by completion of trial Long term (52 weeks) · people with treatment‐resistant schizophrenia Clozapine combined with different antipsychotic drugs for treatment‐resistant schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.6 [0.73, 3.49] | 1 study · 24 participants | Very low |
CLOZAPINE + RISPERIDONE vs CLOZAPINE + ZIPRASIDONE (Kuwilsky 2010) Service utilisation outcomes: hospital admission or days in hospital · people with treatment‐resistant schizophrenia Clozapine combined with different antipsychotic drugs for treatment‐resistant schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
CLOZAPINE + RISPERIDONE vs CLOZAPINE + ZIPRASIDONE (Kuwilsky 2010) Quality of life/satisfaction with care for either recipients of care or carers: significant change in quality of life/satisfaction · people with treatment‐resistant schizophrenia Clozapine combined with different antipsychotic drugs for treatment‐resistant schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
CLOZAPINE + ZIPRASIDONE vs CLOZAPINE + QUETIAPINE (Wen 2015) Clinical response: no clinically significant response in mental state: ≥ 50% reduction in PANSS total score Medium term (12 weeks) · people with treatment‐resistant schizophrenia Clozapine combined with different antipsychotic drugs for treatment‐resistant schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.54 [0.35, 0.81] | 1 study · 63 participants | Low |
CLOZAPINE + ARIPIPRAZOLE vs CLOZAPINE + HALOPERIDOL (Cipriani 2013) Clinical response: mean score/change in global state · people with treatment‐resistant schizophrenia Clozapine combined with different antipsychotic drugs for treatment‐resistant schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
CLOZAPINE + ZIPRASIDONE vs CLOZAPINE + QUETIAPINE (Wen 2015) Adverse effects: weight gain · people with treatment‐resistant schizophrenia Clozapine combined with different antipsychotic drugs for treatment‐resistant schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
CLOZAPINE + ZIPRASIDONE vs CLOZAPINE + QUETIAPINE (Wen 2015) Clinical response: mean score/change in global state: mean CGI‐S score (high = poor) Medium term (12 weeks) · people with treatment‐resistant schizophrenia Clozapine combined with different antipsychotic drugs for treatment‐resistant schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 60 participants | Low |
CLOZAPINE + ZIPRASIDONE vs CLOZAPINE + QUETIAPINE (Wen 2015) Clinical response: mean score/change in mental state: mean PANSS total score (high = poor) Medium term (12 weeks) · people with treatment‐resistant schizophrenia Clozapine combined with different antipsychotic drugs for treatment‐resistant schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 60 participants | Low |
CLOZAPINE + ZIPRASIDONE vs CLOZAPINE + QUETIAPINE (Wen 2015) Leaving the study early: acceptability of treatment ‐ as measured by completion of trial · people with treatment‐resistant schizophrenia Clozapine combined with different antipsychotic drugs for treatment‐resistant schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.52 [0.05, 5.41] | 1 study · 63 participants | Very low |
CLOZAPINE + ZIPRASIDONE vs CLOZAPINE + QUETIAPINE (Wen 2015) Service utilisation outcomes: hospital admission or days in hospital · people with treatment‐resistant schizophrenia Clozapine combined with different antipsychotic drugs for treatment‐resistant schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
CLOZAPINE + ZIPRASIDONE vs CLOZAPINE + QUETIAPINE (Wen 2015) Quality of life/satisfaction with care for either recipients of care or carers: significant change in quality of life/satisfaction · people with treatment‐resistant schizophrenia Clozapine combined with different antipsychotic drugs for treatment‐resistant schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
CLOZAPINE + ARIPIPRAZOLE vs CLOZAPINE + HALOPERIDOL (Cipriani 2013) Clinical response: mean score/change in mental state: change in BPRS score from baseline (high = good), Long term (12 months) · people with treatment‐resistant schizophrenia Clozapine combined with different antipsychotic drugs for treatment‐resistant schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 105 participants | Low |
CLOZAPINE + ARIPIPRAZOLE vs CLOZAPINE + HALOPERIDOL (Cipriani 2013) Leaving the study early: acceptability of treatment ‐ as measured by completion of trial Long term (12 months) · people with treatment‐resistant schizophrenia Clozapine combined with different antipsychotic drugs for treatment‐resistant schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.27 [0.72, 2.22] | 1 study · 106 participants | Very low |
CLOZAPINE + ARIPIPRAZOLE vs CLOZAPINE + HALOPERIDOL (Cipriani 2013) Service utilisation outcomes: hospital admission or days in hospital · people with treatment‐resistant schizophrenia Clozapine combined with different antipsychotic drugs for treatment‐resistant schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
CLOZAPINE + ARIPIPRAZOLE vs CLOZAPINE + HALOPERIDOL (Cipriani 2013) Quality of life/satisfaction with care for either recipients of care or carers: significant change in quality of life/satisfaction · people with treatment‐resistant schizophrenia Clozapine combined with different antipsychotic drugs for treatment‐resistant schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
CLOZAPINE + AMISULPIRIDE vs CLOZAPINE + QUETIAPINE (Genc 2007) Clinical response: no clinically significant response in mental state · people with treatment‐resistant schizophrenia Clozapine combined with different antipsychotic drugs for treatment‐resistant schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 1 participants | Ungraded |
CLOZAPINE + AMISULPIRIDE vs CLOZAPINE + QUETIAPINE (Genc 2007) Adverse effects: weight gain · people with treatment‐resistant schizophrenia Clozapine combined with different antipsychotic drugs for treatment‐resistant schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 1 participants | Ungraded |
CHLORPROMAZINE LOW DOSE (≤ 400 mg/day) vs MEDIUM DOSE (401 mg/day to 800 mg/day) Global state: no improvement ‐ short term · people with schizophrenia Chlorpromazine dose for people with schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.83 [0.28, 2.44] | 1 study · 60 participants | Very low |
CHLORPROMAZINE LOW DOSE (≤ 400 mg/day) vs HIGH DOSE (> 800 mg/day ‐ all medium term) Mental state: no clinically important change in mental state · patients with people with schizophrenia Chlorpromazine dose for people with schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
CHLORPROMAZINE LOW DOSE (≤ 400 mg/day) vs HIGH DOSE (> 800 mg/day ‐ all medium term) Leaving the study early ‐ any reason · patients with people with schizophrenia Chlorpromazine dose for people with schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.6 [0.4, 0.89] | 1 study · 416 participants | Moderate |
CHLORPROMAZINE LOW DOSE (≤ 400 mg/day) vs HIGH DOSE (> 800 mg/day ‐ all medium term) Behaviour: deterioration of behaviour (categorised as reason to leave early) · patients with people with schizophrenia Chlorpromazine dose for people with schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane | RR 2.7 [1.34, 5.44] | 1 study · 416 participants | Low |
CHLORPROMAZINE LOW DOSE (≤ 400 mg/day) vs HIGH DOSE (> 800 mg/day ‐ all medium term) Adverse effects: unspecified extrapyramidal symptoms · patients with people with schizophrenia Chlorpromazine dose for people with schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.43 [0.32, 0.59] | 1 study · 416 participants | Moderate |
CHLORPROMAZINE LOW DOSE (≤ 400 mg/day) vs HIGH DOSE (> 800 mg/day ‐ all medium term) Adverse event: death · patients with people with schizophrenia Chlorpromazine dose for people with schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.33 [0.01, 8.14] | 1 study · 416 participants | Moderate |
CHLORPROMAZINE LOW DOSE (≤ 400 mg/day) vs MEDIUM DOSE (401 mg/day to 800 mg/day) Global state: needing additional medication (sedation with chloral hydrate or a barbiturate > 5 times) ‐ medium term · people with schizophrenia Chlorpromazine dose for people with schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane | RR 3.09 [0.4, 23.64] | 1 study · 50 participants | Low |
CHLORPROMAZINE LOW DOSE (≤ 400 mg/day) vs MEDIUM DOSE (401 mg/day to 800 mg/day) Mental state: average endpoint score (PANSS total, high=poor) · people with schizophrenia Chlorpromazine dose for people with schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 60 participants | Very low |
CHLORPROMAZINE LOW DOSE (≤ 400 mg/day) vs MEDIUM DOSE (401 mg/day to 800 mg/day) Leaving the study early ‐ any reason · people with schizophrenia Chlorpromazine dose for people with schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.06 [0.32, 3.55] | 2 studies · 70 participants | Moderate |
CHLORPROMAZINE LOW DOSE (≤ 400 mg/day) vs MEDIUM DOSE (401 mg/day to 800 mg/day) Behaviour: agitation and restlessness ‐ medium term (categorised as adverse event) · people with schizophrenia Chlorpromazine dose for people with schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.59 [0.07, 37.03] | 1 study · 50 participants | Very low |
CHLORPROMAZINE LOW DOSE (≤ 400 mg/day) vs MEDIUM DOSE (401 mg/day to 800 mg/day) Adverse effects: extrapyramidal symptoms (unspecified extrapyramidal symptoms ‐ short term) · people with schizophrenia Chlorpromazine dose for people with schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.47 [0.3, 0.74] | 2 studies · 108 participants | Moderate |
CHLORPROMAZINE LOW DOSE (≤ 400 mg/day) vs MEDIUM DOSE (401 mg/day to 800 mg/day) Adverse event: death · people with schizophrenia Chlorpromazine dose for people with schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
CHLORPROMAZINE LOW DOSE (≤ 400 mg/day) vs HIGH DOSE (> 800 mg/day ‐ all medium term) Global state: no clinically important improvement ‐ medium term · patients with people with schizophrenia Chlorpromazine dose for people with schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.13 [1.01, 1.25] | 1 study · 416 participants | Moderate |
CHLORPROMAZINE LOW DOSE (≤ 400 mg/day) vs HIGH DOSE (> 800 mg/day ‐ all medium term) Global state: requiring additional medication (sedation with chloral hydrate or a barbiturate > 5 times) · patients with people with schizophrenia Chlorpromazine dose for people with schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intensive Case Management vs standard care Service use: 1. Average number of days in hospital per month ‐ by about 24 months · people with severe mental illness Intensive case management for severe mental illness (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 24 studies · 3595 participants | Low |
Intensive Case Management vs non‐Intensive Case Management Global state: 1. Relapse ‐ by long term · people with severe mental illness Intensive case management for severe mental illness (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intensive Case Management vs non‐Intensive Case Management Global state: 1. Leaving the study early ‐ by long term · people with severe mental illness Intensive case management for severe mental illness (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.7 [0.52, 0.95] | 7 studies · 1970 participants | Low |
Intensive Case Management vs non‐Intensive Case Management Social functioning 2. Employment status ‐ by medium term ‐ spent > 1 day employed · people with severe mental illness Intensive case management for severe mental illness (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.46 [0.45, 4.74] | 1 study · 73 participants | Very low |
Intensive Case Management vs non‐Intensive Case Management Mental state: not improved to an important extent ‐ by long term · people with severe mental illness Intensive case management for severe mental illness (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intensive Case Management vs standard care Adverse event: 1b. Death ‐ suicide ‐ by long term · people with severe mental illness Intensive case management for severe mental illness (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.68 [0.31, 1.51] | 9 studies · 1456 participants | Low |
Intensive Case Management vs standard care Global state: 1. Relapse ‐ by long term · people with severe mental illness Intensive case management for severe mental illness (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intensive Case Management vs standard care Global state: 1. Leaving the study early ‐ by long term · people with severe mental illness Intensive case management for severe mental illness (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.68 [0.58, 0.79] | 13 studies · 1798 participants | Low |
Intensive Case Management vs standard care Social functioning: 2. Employment status (various measurements) ‐ by long term ‐ not employed at the end of the trial · people with severe mental illness Intensive case management for severe mental illness (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.7 [0.49, 1] | 4 studies · 1129 participants | Very low |
Intensive Case Management vs standard care Mental state: not improved to an important extent ‐ by long term · people with severe mental illness Intensive case management for severe mental illness (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intensive Case Management vs non‐Intensive Case Management Service use: 1. Average number of days in hospital per month ‐ by about 24 months · people with severe mental illness Intensive case management for severe mental illness (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 21 studies · 2220 participants | Moderate |
Intensive Case Management vs non‐Intensive Case Management Service use: 3b. Average number of admissions (skewed data ‐ sample size ≧ 200) ‐ by long term · people with severe mental illness Intensive case management for severe mental illness (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 678 participants | Moderate |
Intensive Case Management vs non‐Intensive Case Management Adverse event: 1b. Death ‐ suicide ‐ by long term · people with severe mental illness Intensive case management for severe mental illness (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.88 [0.27, 2.84] | 3 studies · 1152 participants | Low |
Combinations of antipsychotic drugs vs single antipsychotic drugs Clinical response: No clinically important response ‐ as defined by each of the studies · schizophrenia or related disorders Antipsychotic combinations for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.73 [0.64, 0.83] | 29 studies · 2398 participants | Very low |
Combinations of antipsychotic drugs vs single antipsychotic drugs Relapse ‐ as defined by each of the studies · schizophrenia or related disorders Antipsychotic combinations for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 512 participants | Ungraded |