Gap finder
Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,554 questions in 140 reviews · Heart
current versionsNo studies 272 · 17.5%Ungraded 44 · 2.8%Very low 329 · 21.2%Low 464 · 29.9%Moderate 319 · 20.5%High 126 · 8.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Higher vs lower omega‐6: primary outcomes Cardiovascular mortality Study duration range 24‐96 months Omega‐6 dose range 2.8%‐24.5% E · adults with or without existing CVD Omega‐6 fats for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.09 [0.76, 1.55] | 7 studies · 4019 participants | Very low |
Higher vs lower omega‐6: primary outcomes Cardiovascular events: any Study duration range 12‐96 months Omega‐6 dose range 2.8%‐24.5% E · adults with or without existing CVD Omega‐6 fats for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.97 [0.81, 1.15] | 7 studies · 4962 participants | Low |
Higher vs lower omega‐6: primary outcomes CHD events: myocardial infarction (fatal or non‐fatal) or angina Study duration range 12‐96 months Omega‐6 dose range 2.8%‐24.5% E · adults with or without existing CVD Omega‐6 fats for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.88 [0.66, 1.17] | 7 studies · 3997 participants | Very low |
Higher vs lower omega‐6: primary outcomes MACCEs Study duration range 24‐96 months Omega‐6 dose range 2.8%‐12.0% E · adults with or without existing CVD Omega‐6 fats for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.84 [0.59, 1.2] | 2 studies · 2879 participants | Very low |
Higher vs lower omega‐6: primary outcomes Stroke: fatal or non‐fatal Study duration range 24‐96 months Omega‐6 dose range 2.8%‐21.9% E · adults with or without existing CVD Omega‐6 fats for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.36 [0.45, 4.11] | 4 studies · 3730 participants | Very low |
Higher vs lower omega‐6: additional key outcomes MI Study duration range 12‐96 months Omega‐6 dose range 2.8%‐24.5% E · adults with or without existing CVD Omega‐6 fats for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.88 [0.76, 1.02] | 7 studies · 4606 participants | Low |
Higher vs lower omega‐6: additional key outcomes Serum TC Study duration range 12‐96 months Omega‐6 dose range 2.0%‐24.5% E · adults with or without existing CVD Omega‐6 fats for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 10 studies · 4280 participants | High |
Higher vs lower omega‐6: additional key outcomes Serum TG Study duration range 12‐72 months Omega‐6 dose range 2.0%‐15.0% E · adults with or without existing CVD Omega‐6 fats for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 834 participants | Low |
Exercise‐based cardiac rehabilitation vs usual care Mortality due to all causes ‐ not reported · people with implantable ventricular assist devices Exercise‐based cardiac rehabilitation for people with implantable ventricular assist devices (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Exercise‐based cardiac rehabilitation vs usual care Mortality due to cardiovascular event ‐ not reported · people with implantable ventricular assist devices Exercise‐based cardiac rehabilitation for people with implantable ventricular assist devices (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Exercise‐based cardiac rehabilitation vs usual care Rehospitalisation due to cardiovascular event ‐ not reported · people with implantable ventricular assist devices Exercise‐based cardiac rehabilitation for people with implantable ventricular assist devices (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Exercise‐based cardiac rehabilitation vs usual care Serious adverse events: infection · people with implantable ventricular assist devices Exercise‐based cardiac rehabilitation for people with implantable ventricular assist devices (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Exercise‐based cardiac rehabilitation vs usual care Health‐related quality of life · people with implantable ventricular assist devices Exercise‐based cardiac rehabilitation for people with implantable ventricular assist devices (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 37 participants | Very low |
Exercise‐based cardiac rehabilitation vs usual care Heart transplantation ‐ not reported · people with implantable ventricular assist devices Exercise‐based cardiac rehabilitation for people with implantable ventricular assist devices (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Exercise‐based cardiac rehabilitation vs usual care Cost ‐ not reported · people with implantable ventricular assist devices Exercise‐based cardiac rehabilitation for people with implantable ventricular assist devices (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Transradial vs transfemoral approach Short‐term NACE · people with coronary artery disease undergoing diagnostic coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention Transradial versus transfemoral approach for diagnostic coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary… (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.76 [0.61, 0.94] | 4 studies · 17133 participants | Moderate |
Transradial vs transfemoral approach Short‐term cardiac death · people with coronary artery disease undergoing diagnostic coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention Transradial versus transfemoral approach for diagnostic coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary… (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.69 [0.54, 0.88] | 11 studies · 11170 participants | Moderate |
Transradial vs transfemoral approach Short‐term MI · people with coronary artery disease undergoing diagnostic coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention Transradial versus transfemoral approach for diagnostic coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary… (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.91 [0.81, 1.02] | 11 studies · 19430 participants | High |
Transradial vs transfemoral approach Success of the procedure · people with coronary artery disease undergoing diagnostic coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention Transradial versus transfemoral approach for diagnostic coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary… (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.97 [0.96, 0.98] | 28 studies · 25920 participants | Moderate |
Transradial vs transfemoral approach Short‐term all‐cause mortality · people with coronary artery disease undergoing diagnostic coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention Transradial versus transfemoral approach for diagnostic coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary… (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.77 [0.62, 0.95] | 10 studies · 18955 participants | High |
Transradial vs transfemoral approach Bleeding · people with coronary artery disease undergoing diagnostic coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention Transradial versus transfemoral approach for diagnostic coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary… (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.54 [0.4, 0.74] | 20 studies · 23043 participants | Low |
Transradial vs transfemoral approach Access site complications · people with coronary artery disease undergoing diagnostic coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention Transradial versus transfemoral approach for diagnostic coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary… (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.36 [0.22, 0.59] | 24 studies · 16112 participants | Low |
Higher polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) vs lower PUFA All‐cause mortality · people with or without existing CVD, men and women Polyunsaturated fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.98 [0.89, 1.07] | 24 studies · 19290 participants | Moderate |
Higher polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) vs lower PUFA Adiposity ‐ BMI, kg/m2 · people with or without existing cardiovascular disease, men and women Polyunsaturated fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 4798 participants | Low |
Higher polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) vs lower PUFA Serum total cholesterol (TC, mmol/L) · people with or without existing cardiovascular disease, men and women Polyunsaturated fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 27 studies · 8072 participants | High |
Higher polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) vs lower PUFA Serum fasting triglyceride (TG, mmol/L) · people with or without existing cardiovascular disease, men and women Polyunsaturated fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 20 studies · 3905 participants | Moderate |
Higher polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) vs lower PUFA Serum high‐density lipoprotein (HDL, mmol/L) · people with or without existing cardiovascular disease, men and women Polyunsaturated fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 18 studies · 4674 participants | Moderate |
Higher polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) vs lower PUFA Serum low‐density lipoprotein (LDL, mmol/L) · people with or without existing cardiovascular disease, men and women Polyunsaturated fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 15 studies · 3362 participants | Moderate |
Higher polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) vs lower PUFA Coronary heart disease events · people with or without existing CVD, men and women Polyunsaturated fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.87 [0.72, 1.06] | 15 studies · 10076 participants | Moderate |
Higher polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) vs lower PUFA Stroke · people with or without existing CVD, men and women Polyunsaturated fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.91 [0.58, 1.44] | 11 studies · 14742 participants | Low |
Higher polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) vs lower PUFA Major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events · people with or without existing CVD, men and women Polyunsaturated fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.84 [0.59, 1.2] | 2 studies · 2879 participants | Very low |
Higher polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) vs lower PUFA Cardiovascular mortality · people with or without existing cardiovascular disease, men and women Polyunsaturated fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.02 [0.82, 1.26] | 16 studies · 15107 participants | Low |
Higher polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) vs lower PUFA Cardiovascular events · people with or without existing cardiovascular disease, men and women Polyunsaturated fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.89 [0.79, 1.01] | 21 studies · 17799 participants | Moderate |
Higher polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) vs lower PUFA Coronary heart disease mortality · people with or without existing cardiovascular disease, men and women Polyunsaturated fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.91 [0.78, 1.06] | 9 studies · 8810 participants | Low |
Higher polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) vs lower PUFA Atrial fibrillation and arrhythmias · people with or without existing cardiovascular disease, men and women Polyunsaturated fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.87 [0.72, 1.06] | 11 studies · 11692 participants | Very low |
Higher polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) vs lower PUFA Adiposity ‐ body weight, kg · people with or without existing cardiovascular disease, men and women Polyunsaturated fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 13 studies · 7100 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) · people with cardiovascular disease or at high risk of cardiovascular disease Ezetimibe for the prevention of cardiovascular disease and all‐cause mortality events (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.94 [0.9, 0.98] | 10 studies · 21727 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR All‐cause mortality · people with cardiovascular disease or at high risk of cardiovascular disease Ezetimibe for the prevention of cardiovascular disease and all‐cause mortality events (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.98 [0.91, 1.05] | 8 studies · 21222 participants | High |
Intervention NR Myocardial infarction (non‐fatal) · people with cardiovascular disease or at high risk of cardiovascular disease Ezetimibe for the prevention of cardiovascular disease and all‐cause mortality events (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.88 [0.81, 0.95] | 6 studies · 21145 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Stroke (non‐fatal) · people with cardiovascular disease or at high risk of cardiovascular disease Ezetimibe for the prevention of cardiovascular disease and all‐cause mortality events (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.83 [0.71, 0.97] | 6 studies · 21205 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Cardiovascular mortality · people with cardiovascular disease or at high risk of cardiovascular disease Ezetimibe for the prevention of cardiovascular disease and all‐cause mortality events (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.89, 1.12] | 6 studies · 19457 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Adverse events ‐ hepatopathy · people with cardiovascular disease or at high risk of cardiovascular disease Ezetimibe for the prevention of cardiovascular disease and all‐cause mortality events (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.14 [0.96, 1.35] | 4 studies · 20687 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Adverse events ‐ myopathy · people with cardiovascular disease or at high risk of cardiovascular disease Ezetimibe for the prevention of cardiovascular disease and all‐cause mortality events (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.31 [0.72, 2.38] | 3 studies · 20581 participants | Very low |
ICD plus optimal medical therapy vs optimal medical therapy alone Outcomes length of · people with non‐ischaemic cardiomyopathy Implantable cardiac defibrillators for people with non‐ischaemic cardiomyopathy (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
ICD plus optimal medical therapy vs optimal medical therapy alone All‐cause mortality (HR) ‐ main analysisa 16.5 to 67.6 months · people with non‐ischaemic cardiomyopathy Implantable cardiac defibrillators for people with non‐ischaemic cardiomyopathy (2018) · Cochrane | HR 0.78 [0.66, 0.92] | 6 studies · 3128 participants | High |
ICD plus optimal medical therapy vs optimal medical therapy alone Cardiovascular mortality (RR)b 22.8 to 67.6 months · people with non‐ischaemic cardiomyopathy Implantable cardiac defibrillators for people with non‐ischaemic cardiomyopathy (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.75 [0.46, 1.21] | 4 studies · 1781 participants | Moderate |
ICD plus optimal medical therapy vs optimal medical therapy alone Sudden cardiac death (HR)a 24 to 67.6 months · people with non‐ischaemic cardiomyopathy Implantable cardiac defibrillators for people with non‐ischaemic cardiomyopathy (2018) · Cochrane | HR 0.45 [0.29, 0.7] | 3 studies · 1677 participants | High |
ICD plus optimal medical therapy vs optimal medical therapy alone Adverse events 67.7 months · people with non‐ischaemic cardiomyopathy Implantable cardiac defibrillators for people with non‐ischaemic cardiomyopathy (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 1116 participants | Moderate |
ICD plus optimal medical therapy vs optimal medical therapy alone Noncardiovascular mortality (RR)b 22.8 to 67.6 months · people with non‐ischaemic cardiomyopathy Implantable cardiac defibrillators for people with non‐ischaemic cardiomyopathy (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.17 [0.81, 1.68] | 4 studies · 1781 participants | Moderate |
ICD plus optimal medical therapy vs optimal medical therapy alone Health‐related quality of life 24 to 29 months · people with non‐ischaemic cardiomyopathy Implantable cardiac defibrillators for people with non‐ischaemic cardiomyopathy (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 561 participants | Moderate |