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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,080 questions in 109 reviews · Acute Respiratory Infections
current versionsNo studies 132 · 12.2%Ungraded 90 · 8.3%Very low 169 · 15.6%Low 306 · 28.3%Moderate 287 · 26.6%High 96 · 8.9%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Intervention NR Incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis in children with HIV infection ‐ isoniazid prophylaxis only · children with HIV infection aged 12 years and under Antibiotics for preventing lower respiratory tract infections in high‐risk children aged 12 years and under (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.64 [0.32, 1.29] | 2 studies · 810 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Mean FEV1 % predicted ‐ azithromycin prophylaxis only · children with cystic fibrosis aged 12 years and under Antibiotics for preventing lower respiratory tract infections in high‐risk children aged 12 years and under (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 312 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Mean FEV1 % predicted ‐ ciprofloxacin prophylaxis only · children with cystic fibrosis aged 12 years and under Antibiotics for preventing lower respiratory tract infections in high‐risk children aged 12 years and under (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 106 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Episodes of pulmonary exacerbations ‐ azithromycin prophylaxis only · children with cystic fibrosis aged 12 years and under Antibiotics for preventing lower respiratory tract infections in high‐risk children aged 12 years and under (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.6 [0.48, 0.76] | 2 studies · 323 participants | High |
Intervention NR Incidence of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia infection in children with cancer ‐ trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis only · children with cancers aged 12 years and under Antibiotics for preventing lower respiratory tract infections in high‐risk children aged 12 years and under (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.03 [0, 0.47] | 1 study · 160 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Mortality in children with HIV infection ‐ overall · children with HIV infection aged 12 years and under Antibiotics for preventing lower respiratory tract infections in high‐risk children aged 12 years and under (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.82 [0.46, 1.46] | 3 studies · 1344 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Mortality in children with HIV infection ‐ co‐trimoxazole prophylaxis only · children with HIV infection aged 12 years and under Antibiotics for preventing lower respiratory tract infections in high‐risk children aged 12 years and under (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.67 [0.53, 0.85] | 1 study · 534 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Mortality in children with HIV infection ‐ isoniazid prophylaxis only · children with HIV infection aged 12 years and under Antibiotics for preventing lower respiratory tract infections in high‐risk children aged 12 years and under (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.92 [0.31, 2.77] | 2 studies · 810 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Incidence of adverse events ‐ overall · children with HIV infection aged 12 years and under Antibiotics for preventing lower respiratory tract infections in high‐risk children aged 12 years and under (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.1 [0.75, 1.64] | 3 studies · 1344 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Incidence of adverse events ‐ co‐trimoxazole prophylaxis only · children with HIV infection aged 12 years and under Antibiotics for preventing lower respiratory tract infections in high‐risk children aged 12 years and under (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.9 [0.47, 1.73] | 1 study · 534 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Incidence of adverse events ‐ isoniazid prophylaxis only · children with HIV infection aged 12 years and under Antibiotics for preventing lower respiratory tract infections in high‐risk children aged 12 years and under (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.09 [0.55, 2.19] | 2 studies · 810 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Incidence of Pseudomonas infection in children with cystic fibrosis ‐ ciprofloxacin prophylaxis only · children with cystic fibrosis aged 12 years and under Antibiotics for preventing lower respiratory tract infections in high‐risk children aged 12 years and under (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.76 [0.44, 1.31] | 2 studies · 106 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Mean FEV1 % predicted · children with cystic fibrosis aged 12 years and under Antibiotics for preventing lower respiratory tract infections in high‐risk children aged 12 years and under (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 418 participants | Moderate |
Antibiotics vs placebo Clinical failure rate · patients with uncomplicated acute maxillary sinusitis Antibiotics for acute maxillary sinusitis in adults (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.66 [0.47, 0.94] | 5 studies · 1084 participants | Moderate |
Antibiotics vs placebo Clinical failure rate · patients with uncomplicated acute maxillary sinusitis Antibiotics for acute maxillary sinusitis in adults (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.85 [0.36, 1.98] | 1 study · 169 participants | Low |
Antibiotics vs placebo Quality of life and activity impairment · patients with uncomplicated acute maxillary sinusitis Antibiotics for acute maxillary sinusitis in adults (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Antibiotics vs other antibiotics Clinical failure rate (failure defined as a lack of full recovery or improvement or a lack of full recovery) · patients with uncomplicated acute maxillary sinusitis Antibiotics for acute maxillary sinusitis in adults (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 10 studies · 54 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Cases of influenza A during prophylaxis ( · children with no influenza A infection (prevention) or with influenza A infection (treatment) Amantadine and rimantadine for influenza A in children and the elderly (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.11 [0.04, 0.3] | 2 studies · 773 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Dizziness ( · children with no influenza A infection (prevention) or with influenza A infection (treatment) Amantadine and rimantadine for influenza A in children and the elderly (2014) · Cochrane | RR 3.21 [0.14, 75.68] | 1 study · 56 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Nausea/vomiting ( · children with no influenza A infection (prevention) or with influenza A infection (treatment) Amantadine and rimantadine for influenza A in children and the elderly (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.96 [0.1, 9.01] | 2 studies · 125 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Stimulation/insomnia · children with no influenza A infection (prevention) or with influenza A infection (treatment) Amantadine and rimantadine for influenza A in children and the elderly (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Cases of influenza A during prophylaxis · elderly people with no influenza A infection (prevention) or with influenza A infection (treatment) Amantadine and rimantadine for influenza A in children and the elderly (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Fever after initiation of treatment · elderly people with no influenza A infection (prevention) or with influenza A infection (treatment) Amantadine and rimantadine for influenza A in children and the elderly (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Cough after initiation of treatment · elderly people with no influenza A infection (prevention) or with influenza A infection (treatment) Amantadine and rimantadine for influenza A in children and the elderly (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Dizziness · elderly people with no influenza A infection (prevention) or with influenza A infection (treatment) Amantadine and rimantadine for influenza A in children and the elderly (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Nausea · elderly people with no influenza A infection (prevention) or with influenza A infection (treatment) Amantadine and rimantadine for influenza A in children and the elderly (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Vomiting · elderly people with no influenza A infection (prevention) or with influenza A infection (treatment) Amantadine and rimantadine for influenza A in children and the elderly (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Stimulation/insomnia · elderly people with no influenza A infection (prevention) or with influenza A infection (treatment) Amantadine and rimantadine for influenza A in children and the elderly (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Fever after initiation of treatment ( · children with no influenza A infection (prevention) or with influenza A infection (treatment) Amantadine and rimantadine for influenza A in children and the elderly (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.37 [0.08, 1.75] | 2 studies · 104 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Cases of influenza A during prophylaxis · elderly people with no influenza A infection (prevention) or with influenza A infection (treatment) Amantadine and rimantadine for influenza A in children and the elderly (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.45 [0.14, 1.41] | 2 studies · 103 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Fever after initiation of treatment · elderly people with no influenza A infection (prevention) or with influenza A infection (treatment) Amantadine and rimantadine for influenza A in children and the elderly (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Cough after initiation of treatment · elderly people with no influenza A infection (prevention) or with influenza A infection (treatment) Amantadine and rimantadine for influenza A in children and the elderly (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Dizziness ( · elderly people with no influenza A infection (prevention) or with influenza A infection (treatment) Amantadine and rimantadine for influenza A in children and the elderly (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Nausea ( · elderly people with no influenza A infection (prevention) or with influenza A infection (treatment) Amantadine and rimantadine for influenza A in children and the elderly (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.99 [0.45, 8.75] | 2 studies · 233 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Vomiting ( · elderly people with no influenza A infection (prevention) or with influenza A infection (treatment) Amantadine and rimantadine for influenza A in children and the elderly (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.99 [0.38, 2.6] | 2 studies · 233 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Stimulation/insomnia ( · elderly people with no influenza A infection (prevention) or with influenza A infection (treatment) Amantadine and rimantadine for influenza A in children and the elderly (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.61 [0.43, 6.02] | 2 studies · 233 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Cough after initiation of treatment · children with no influenza A infection (prevention) or with influenza A infection (treatment) Amantadine and rimantadine for influenza A in children and the elderly (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Dizziness ( · children with no influenza A infection (prevention) or with influenza A infection (treatment) Amantadine and rimantadine for influenza A in children and the elderly (2014) · Cochrane | RR 6.63 [0.32, 137.33] | 2 studies · 599 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Nausea/vomiting ( · children with no influenza A infection (prevention) or with influenza A infection (treatment) Amantadine and rimantadine for influenza A in children and the elderly (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.54 [0.15, 2] | 2 studies · 599 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Stimulation/insomnia ( · children with no influenza A infection (prevention) or with influenza A infection (treatment) Amantadine and rimantadine for influenza A in children and the elderly (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.46 [0.12, 1.74] | 2 studies · 599 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Cases of influenza A during prophylaxis ( · children with no influenza A infection (prevention) or with influenza A infection (treatment) Amantadine and rimantadine for influenza A in children and the elderly (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.49 [0.21, 1.15] | 3 studies · 178 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Fever after initiation of treatment ( · children with no influenza A infection (prevention) or with influenza A infection (treatment) Amantadine and rimantadine for influenza A in children and the elderly (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.36 [0.14, 0.91] | 1 study · 69 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Cough after initiation of treatment ( · children with no influenza A infection (prevention) or with influenza A infection (treatment) Amantadine and rimantadine for influenza A in children and the elderly (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.83 [0.63, 1.1] | 1 study · 69 participants | Moderate |
Nasal prongs vs nasopharyngeal catheter Treatment failure Failure to achieve adequate oxygenation (SaO2) · children with acute lower respiratory tract infections Oxygen therapy for lower respiratory tract infections in children between 3 months and 15 years of age (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.97 [0.52, 1.8] | 3 studies · 399 participants | Very low |
Nasal prongs vs nasopharyngeal catheter Oxygen required in the first 24 hours Litres per minute (L/min) · children with acute lower respiratory tract infections Oxygen therapy for lower respiratory tract infections in children between 3 months and 15 years of age (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 338 participants | Low |
Nasal prongs vs nasopharyngeal catheter Nasal obstruction/severe mucus production · children with acute lower respiratory tract infections Oxygen therapy for lower respiratory tract infections in children between 3 months and 15 years of age (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.2 [0.09, 0.44] | 3 studies · 338 participants | Low |
Nasal prongs vs nasopharyngeal catheter Nose ulceration or bleeding · children with acute lower respiratory tract infections Oxygen therapy for lower respiratory tract infections in children between 3 months and 15 years of age (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.43 [0.18, 1.02] | 3 studies · 338 participants | Low |
Nasal prongs vs nasopharyngeal catheter Fighting/discomfort in the first 24 hours · children with acute lower respiratory tract infections Oxygen therapy for lower respiratory tract infections in children between 3 months and 15 years of age (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.77 [0.46, 1.28] | 2 studies · 239 participants | Low |
Nasal prongs vs nasopharyngeal catheter Death during treatment · children with acute lower respiratory tract infections Oxygen therapy for lower respiratory tract infections in children between 3 months and 15 years of age (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.64 [0.35, 1.15] | 3 studies · 338 participants | Low |
Face mask vs nasopharyngeal catheter Treatment failure Failure to achieve adequate oxygenation (SaO2 greater than 60 mmHg) · children with severe acute LRTIs Oxygen therapy for lower respiratory tract infections in children between 3 months and 15 years of age (2014) · Cochrane | OR 0.2 [0.05, 0.88] | 1 study · 80 participants | Low |