What do systematic reviews say?

Beta‐blockers vs placebo

Beta‐blockers may leads to lower total stroke compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Beta‐blockers for hypertension 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.8 [0.66, 0.96]
  4 studies · 23613 participants
  Low

Beta‐blockers vs placebo

Beta‐blockers showed no clear difference in total coronary heart disease compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Beta‐blockers for hypertension 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.93 [0.81, 1.07]
  4 studies · 23613 participants
  Moderate

Beta‐blockers vs placebo

Beta‐blockers showed no clear difference in withdrawal due to adverse effect compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Beta‐blockers for hypertension 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 3.38 [0.82, 13.95]
  3 studies · 22729 participants
  Low

Beta‐blockers vs diuretics

Beta‐blockers showed no clear difference in total mortality compared with diuretics (moderate certainty).

• Beta‐blockers for hypertension 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.04 [0.91, 1.19]
  5 studies · 18241 participants
  Moderate

Beta‐blockers vs diuretics

Beta‐blockers showed no clear difference in total cardiovascular disease compared with diuretics (moderate certainty).

• Beta‐blockers for hypertension 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.13 [0.99, 1.28]
  4 studies · 18135 participants
  Moderate

Beta‐blockers vs diuretics

Beta‐blockers showed no clear difference in total stroke compared with diuretics (low certainty).

• Beta‐blockers for hypertension 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.17 [0.65, 2.09]
  4 studies · 18135 participants
  Low

Beta‐blockers vs diuretics

Beta‐blockers showed no clear difference in total coronary heart disease compared with diuretics (low certainty).

• Beta‐blockers for hypertension 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.12 [0.82, 1.54]
  4 studies · 18135 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in total mortality Systolic targets (low certainty).

• Blood pressure targets for hypertension in people with diabetes mellitus 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.05 [0.84, 1.3]
  1 study · 4734 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes total mortality Diastolic targets (very low certainty).

• Blood pressure targets for hypertension in people with diabetes mellitus 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.73 [0.53, 1.01]
  4 studies · 2580 participants
  Very low

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in total serious adverse events Systolic targets (low certainty).

• Blood pressure targets for hypertension in people with diabetes mellitus 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.01 [0.91, 1.13]
  1 study · 4734 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

• Creatine and creatine analogues in hypertension and cardiovascular disease 2011 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 13 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

• Creatine and creatine analogues in hypertension and cardiovascular disease 2011 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 13 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

• Creatine and creatine analogues in hypertension and cardiovascular disease 2011 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 17 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

• Creatine and creatine analogues in hypertension and cardiovascular disease 2011 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 79 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

• Creatine and creatine analogues in hypertension and cardiovascular disease 2011 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 88 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

The intervention leads to lower all‐cause mortality at 2 days ‐ immediate treatment (high certainty).

• Effect of early treatment with anti‐hypertensive drugs on short and long‐term mortality in patients with an acute… 2009 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.81 [0.74, 0.89]
  6 studies · 82624 participants
  High

Intervention not reported

The intervention leads to lower all‐cause mortality at 10 days‐ short‐term treatment (high certainty).

• Effect of early treatment with anti‐hypertensive drugs on short and long‐term mortality in patients with an acute… 2009 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.91 [0.86, 0.97]
  6 studies · 78178 participants
  High

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality at 2 days ‐ immediate treatment (high certainty).

• Effect of early treatment with anti‐hypertensive drugs on short and long‐term mortality in patients with an acute… 2009 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.91 [0.82, 1]
  3 studies · 77414 participants
  High

Intervention not reported

The intervention leads to lower all‐cause mortality at 10 days ‐ short‐term treatment (high certainty).

• Effect of early treatment with anti‐hypertensive drugs on short and long‐term mortality in patients with an acute… 2009 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.93 [0.87, 0.98]
  10 studies · 84311 participants
  High

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality at 2 days ‐ immediate treatment (low certainty).

• Effect of early treatment with anti‐hypertensive drugs on short and long‐term mortality in patients with an acute… 2009 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.95 [0.85, 1.07]
  6 studies · 68007 participants
  Low