What do systematic reviews say?

Any CNTF vs placebo

Any CNTF showed no clear difference in deaths compared with placebo (high certainty).

• Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or motor neuron disease 2004 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.07 [0.81, 1.41]
  2 studies · 1300 participants
  High

Any CNTF vs placebo

• Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or motor neuron disease 2004 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 1300 participants
  High

Any CNTF vs placebo

• Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or motor neuron disease 2004 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 1300 participants
  High

Any CNTF vs placebo

• Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or motor neuron disease 2004 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 503 participants
  High

Any CNTF vs placebo

Any CNTF showed no clear difference in asthenia compared with placebo (high certainty).

• Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or motor neuron disease 2004 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.02 [0.81, 1.28]
  1 study · 570 participants
  High

Any CNTF vs placebo

Any CNTF showed no clear difference in nausea compared with placebo (high certainty).

• Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or motor neuron disease 2004 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.35 [0.92, 1.99]
  1 study · 570 participants
  High

Any CNTF vs placebo

Any CNTF showed no clear difference in increased salivation compared with placebo (high certainty).

• Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or motor neuron disease 2004 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.08 [0.78, 1.5]
  1 study · 570 participants
  High

Surgical vs non‐surgical treatment

It is very uncertain whether surgical changes number of participants sustaining recurrent patellar dislocationa compared with non‐surgical treatment (very low certainty).

• Surgical versus non‐surgical interventions for treating patellar dislocation 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.55 [0.4, 0.75]
  8 studies · 438 participants
  Very low

Surgical vs non‐surgical treatment

It is very uncertain whether surgical changes knee and physical functiona Measured using the Kujala patellofemoral… compared with non‐surgical treatment (very low certainty).

• Surgical versus non‐surgical interventions for treating patellar dislocation 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  MD 5.73
  7 studies · 401 participants
  Very low

Surgical vs non‐surgical treatment

It is very uncertain whether surgical changes adverse effects of treatment Overall incidence of complications compared with non‐surgical treatment (very low certainty).

• Surgical versus non‐surgical interventions for treating patellar dislocation 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.21 [0.73, 6.66]
  2 studies · 144 participants
  Very low

Surgical vs non‐surgical treatment

It is very uncertain whether surgical changes patient satisfactiona Reported as 'good' or 'excellent'. compared with non‐surgical treatment (very low certainty).

• Surgical versus non‐surgical interventions for treating patellar dislocation 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.01 [0.74, 1.38]
  3 studies · 176 participants
  Very low

Surgical vs non‐surgical treatment

It is very uncertain whether surgical changes patient‐reported knee instabilitya Incidence of patellar subluxation compared with non‐surgical treatment (very low certainty).

• Surgical versus non‐surgical interventions for treating patellar dislocation 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.75 [0.5, 1.12]
  5 studies · 256 participants
  Very low

Surgical vs non‐surgical treatment

It is very uncertain whether surgical changes subsequent requirement for surgery (reoperations) for complicationsa… compared with non‐surgical treatment (very low certainty).

• Surgical versus non‐surgical interventions for treating patellar dislocation 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.45 [0.07, 2.73]
  3 studies · 195 participants
  Very low

Low‐intensity pulsed ultrasound vs control

• Ultrasound and shockwave therapy for acute fractures in adults 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 393 participants
  Very low

Low‐intensity pulsed ultrasound vs control

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Ultrasound and shockwave therapy for acute fractures in adults 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Low‐intensity pulsed ultrasound vs control

• Ultrasound and shockwave therapy for acute fractures in adults 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 370 participants
  Low

Low‐intensity pulsed ultrasound vs control

• Ultrasound and shockwave therapy for acute fractures in adults 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  11 studies · 887 participants
  Very low

Low‐intensity pulsed ultrasound vs control

• Ultrasound and shockwave therapy for acute fractures in adults 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 148 participants
  Very low

Low‐intensity pulsed ultrasound vs control

Low‐intensity pulsed ultrasound showed no clear difference in delayed or non‐union (medium term) compared with control (moderate certainty).

• Ultrasound and shockwave therapy for acute fractures in adults 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.25 [0.5, 3.09]
  7 studies · 746 participants
  Moderate

Low‐intensity pulsed ultrasound vs control

It is very uncertain whether low‐intensity pulsed ultrasound changes adverse events Reported as skin irritation compared with control (very low certainty).

• Ultrasound and shockwave therapy for acute fractures in adults 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.94 [0.06, 14.65]
  1 study · 101 participants
  Very low