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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,050 questions in 42 reviews · Incontinence
current versionsNo studies 391 · 37.2%Ungraded 82 · 7.8%Very low 199 · 19%Low 206 · 19.6%Moderate 150 · 14.3%High 22 · 2.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Decreasing fluids vs increasing fluids Cure rates by symptom quantification (all UI types) ‐ not reported · adults with urinary incontinence Lifestyle interventions for the treatment of urinary incontinence in adults (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Weight loss vs control Improvement rates by patient observation (all UI types) · adults with urinary incontinence Lifestyle interventions for the treatment of urinary incontinence in adults (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.4 [1.14, 1.71] | 1 study · 304 participants | Low |
Decreasing fluids vs increasing fluids Improvement rates by symptom quantification (all UI types) ‐ not reported · adults with urinary incontinence Lifestyle interventions for the treatment of urinary incontinence in adults (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Decreasing fluids vs increasing fluids Incontinent episodes per week (all UI types) · adults with urinary incontinence Lifestyle interventions for the treatment of urinary incontinence in adults (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 125 participants | Very low |
Caffeine reduction vs control Cure rates by patient observation (all UI types) ‐ not reported · adults with urinary incontinence Lifestyle interventions for the treatment of urinary incontinence in adults (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Caffeine reduction vs control Improvement rates by patient observation (all UI types) ‐ not reported · adults with urinary incontinence Lifestyle interventions for the treatment of urinary incontinence in adults (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Caffeine reduction vs control Condition‐specific quality of life ICIQ Overactive Bladder Symptoms Quality of Life. Scale from: 25 to 160. Better quality of life indicated by lower values. · adults with urinary incontinence Lifestyle interventions for the treatment of urinary incontinence in adults (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 11 participants | Very low |
Caffeine reduction vs control Adverse effects ‐ not reported · adults with urinary incontinence Lifestyle interventions for the treatment of urinary incontinence in adults (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Caffeine reduction vs control Cure rates by symptom quantification (all UI types) ‐ not reported · adults with urinary incontinence Lifestyle interventions for the treatment of urinary incontinence in adults (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Caffeine reduction vs control Improvement rates by symptom quantification (all UI types) ‐ not reported · adults with urinary incontinence Lifestyle interventions for the treatment of urinary incontinence in adults (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Caffeine reduction vs control Incontinent episodes per day (all UI types) · adults with urinary incontinence Lifestyle interventions for the treatment of urinary incontinence in adults (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 74 participants | Very low |
Lifestyle weight loss vs metformin weight loss Cure rates by patient observation (all UI types) ‐ not reported · adults with urinary incontinence Lifestyle interventions for the treatment of urinary incontinence in adults (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Weight loss vs control Condition‐specific quality of life Incontinence Impact Questionnaire. Scale from: 0 to 400. Better quality of life indicated by lower values. · adults with urinary incontinence Lifestyle interventions for the treatment of urinary incontinence in adults (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 40 participants | Low |
Lifestyle weight loss vs metformin weight loss Improvement rates by patient observation (all UI types) ‐ not reported · adults with urinary incontinence Lifestyle interventions for the treatment of urinary incontinence in adults (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Lifestyle weight loss vs metformin weight loss Condition‐specific quality of life ‐ not reported · adults with urinary incontinence Lifestyle interventions for the treatment of urinary incontinence in adults (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Lifestyle weight loss vs metformin weight loss Adverse effects ‐ not reported · adults with urinary incontinence Lifestyle interventions for the treatment of urinary incontinence in adults (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Lifestyle weight loss vs metformin weight loss Cure rates by symptom quantification (all UI types) ‐ not reported · adults with urinary incontinence Lifestyle interventions for the treatment of urinary incontinence in adults (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Lifestyle weight loss vs metformin weight loss Improvement rates by symptom quantification (all UI types) ‐ not reported · adults with urinary incontinence Lifestyle interventions for the treatment of urinary incontinence in adults (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Lifestyle weight loss vs metformin weight loss Prevalence of weekly UI (all UI types) · adults with urinary incontinence Lifestyle interventions for the treatment of urinary incontinence in adults (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.79 [0.7, 0.9] | 1 study · 1294 participants | Very low |
Weight loss vs control Adverse effects · adults with urinary incontinence Lifestyle interventions for the treatment of urinary incontinence in adults (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 48 participants | Ungraded |
Weight loss vs control Cure rates by symptom quantification (all UI types) · adults with urinary incontinence Lifestyle interventions for the treatment of urinary incontinence in adults (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.11 [0.91, 1.37] | 1 study · 738 participants | Low |
Weight loss vs control Improvement rates by symptom quantification (all UI type) · adults with urinary incontinence Lifestyle interventions for the treatment of urinary incontinence in adults (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.21 [1.02, 1.44] | 2 studies · 1032 participants | Low |
Weight loss vs control Prevalence of weekly UI (all UI type) · adults with urinary incontinence Lifestyle interventions for the treatment of urinary incontinence in adults (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.88 [0.78, 1] | 1 study · 2739 participants | Very low |
Soy‐rich diet vs control Cure rates by patient observation (all UI types) ‐ not reported · adults with urinary incontinence Lifestyle interventions for the treatment of urinary incontinence in adults (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Soy‐rich diet vs control Improvement rates by patient observation (all UI types) ‐ not reported · adults with urinary incontinence Lifestyle interventions for the treatment of urinary incontinence in adults (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Indwelling urethral catheterisation vs suprapubic catheterisation Number of participants with symptomatic UTI · Adults with short‐term catheterisation Urethral (indwelling or intermittent) or suprapubic routes for short‐term catheterisation in hospitalised… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.01 [0.61, 1.69] | 5 studies · 575 participants | Very low |
Indwelling urethral catheterisation vs intermittent urethral catheterisation Ease of use for participants ‐ not reported · Patients with short‐term bladder drainage Urethral (indwelling or intermittent) or suprapubic routes for short‐term catheterisation in hospitalised… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Indwelling urethral catheterisation vs intermittent urethral catheterisation Quality of life ‐ not reported · Patients with short‐term bladder drainage Urethral (indwelling or intermittent) or suprapubic routes for short‐term catheterisation in hospitalised… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Indwelling urethral catheterisation vs intermittent urethral catheterisation Cost utility analysis ‐ not reported · Patients with short‐term bladder drainage Urethral (indwelling or intermittent) or suprapubic routes for short‐term catheterisation in hospitalised… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Suprapubic catheterisation vs intermittent urethral catheterisation Number of participants with symptomatic UTI · patients with short‐term catheterisation Urethral (indwelling or intermittent) or suprapubic routes for short‐term catheterisation in hospitalised… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.67 [0.68, 4.1] | 1 study · 72 participants | Low |
Suprapubic catheterisation vs intermittent urethral catheterisation Asymptomatic bacteruria · patients with short‐term catheterisation Urethral (indwelling or intermittent) or suprapubic routes for short‐term catheterisation in hospitalised… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Suprapubic catheterisation vs intermittent urethral catheterisation Number of patients with pain · patients with short‐term catheterisation Urethral (indwelling or intermittent) or suprapubic routes for short‐term catheterisation in hospitalised… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 72 participants | Very low |
Suprapubic catheterisation vs intermittent urethral catheterisation Ease of use for participants ‐ not reported · patients with short‐term catheterisation Urethral (indwelling or intermittent) or suprapubic routes for short‐term catheterisation in hospitalised… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Suprapubic catheterisation vs intermittent urethral catheterisation Quality of life ‐ not reported · patients with short‐term catheterisation Urethral (indwelling or intermittent) or suprapubic routes for short‐term catheterisation in hospitalised… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Suprapubic catheterisation vs intermittent urethral catheterisation Cost utility analysis ‐ not reported · patients with short‐term catheterisation Urethral (indwelling or intermittent) or suprapubic routes for short‐term catheterisation in hospitalised… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Indwelling urethral catheterisation vs suprapubic catheterisation Asymptomatic bacteruria · Adults with short‐term catheterisation Urethral (indwelling or intermittent) or suprapubic routes for short‐term catheterisation in hospitalised… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 2.25 [1.63, 3.1] | 19 studies · 2316 participants | Very low |
Indwelling urethral catheterisation vs suprapubic catheterisation Number of participants with pain · Adults with short‐term catheterisation Urethral (indwelling or intermittent) or suprapubic routes for short‐term catheterisation in hospitalised… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 5.62 [3.31, 9.55] | 4 studies · 535 participants | Low |
Indwelling urethral catheterisation vs suprapubic catheterisation Ease of use for participants ‐ not reported · Adults with short‐term catheterisation Urethral (indwelling or intermittent) or suprapubic routes for short‐term catheterisation in hospitalised… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Indwelling urethral catheterisation vs suprapubic catheterisation Quality of life ‐ not reported · Adults with short‐term catheterisation Urethral (indwelling or intermittent) or suprapubic routes for short‐term catheterisation in hospitalised… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Indwelling urethral catheterisation vs suprapubic catheterisation Cost utility analysis ‐ not reported · Adults with short‐term catheterisation Urethral (indwelling or intermittent) or suprapubic routes for short‐term catheterisation in hospitalised… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Indwelling urethral catheterisation vs intermittent urethral catheterisation Number of participants with symptomatic UTI · Patients with short‐term bladder drainage Urethral (indwelling or intermittent) or suprapubic routes for short‐term catheterisation in hospitalised… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 162 participants | Very low |
Indwelling urethral catheterisation vs intermittent urethral catheterisation Asymptomatic bacteruria · Patients with short‐term bladder drainage Urethral (indwelling or intermittent) or suprapubic routes for short‐term catheterisation in hospitalised… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.04 | 143 studies · 1610 participants | Very low |
Indwelling urethral catheterisation vs intermittent urethral catheterisation Number of patients with pain ‐ not reported · Patients with short‐term bladder drainage Urethral (indwelling or intermittent) or suprapubic routes for short‐term catheterisation in hospitalised… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Transurethral radiofrequency collagen denaturation vs no treatment/sham treatment Participant‐reported measures: number of women reporting UI symptoms · women with symptomatic UI Transurethral radiofrequency collagen denaturation for the treatment of women with urinary incontinence (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Transurethral radiofrequency collagen denaturation vs no treatment/sham treatment Serious adverse events · women with symptomatic UI Transurethral radiofrequency collagen denaturation for the treatment of women with urinary incontinence (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 173 participants | Low |
Transurethral radiofrequency collagen denaturation vs no treatment/sham treatment Disease‐specific quality of life: number of women with an I‐QOL score improvement ≥ 10 points at 12 months · women with symptomatic UI Transurethral radiofrequency collagen denaturation for the treatment of women with urinary incontinence (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.11 [0.77, 1.62] | 1 study · 142 participants | Low |
Transurethral radiofrequency collagen denaturation vs no treatment/sham treatment Repeat continence surgery: number of women undergoing repeat continence surgery · women with symptomatic UI Transurethral radiofrequency collagen denaturation for the treatment of women with urinary incontinence (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Transurethral radiofrequency collagen denaturation vs no treatment/sham treatment Other adverse event: pain/dysuria: dysuria · women with symptomatic UI Transurethral radiofrequency collagen denaturation for the treatment of women with urinary incontinence (2015) · Cochrane | RR 5.73 [0.75, 43.7] | 1 study · 173 participants | Low |
Transurethral radiofrequency collagen denaturation vs no treatment/sham treatment Other adverse event: (new) detrusor overactivity: overactive bladder symptoms · women with symptomatic UI Transurethral radiofrequency collagen denaturation for the treatment of women with urinary incontinence (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.36 [0.63, 2.93] | 1 study · 173 participants | Low |
Transurethral radiofrequency collagen denaturation vs no treatment/sham treatment Other adverse event: urinary tract infection · women with symptomatic UI Transurethral radiofrequency collagen denaturation for the treatment of women with urinary incontinence (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.95 [0.24, 3.86] | 1 study · 173 participants | Low |