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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,049 questions in 79 reviews · Dementia and Cognitive Improvement
current versionsNo studies 240 · 22.9%Ungraded 31 · 3%Very low 216 · 20.6%Low 253 · 24.1%Moderate 238 · 22.7%High 71 · 6.8%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Methylphenidate vs placebo Change in global disease severity · Apathy in people with mild‐to‐moderate Alzheimer's disease Pharmacological interventions for apathy in Alzheimer's disease (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.56 [0.15, 2.1] | 2 studies · 85 participants | Moderate |
Methylphenidate vs placebo Dropouts · Apathy in people with mild‐to‐moderate Alzheimer's disease Pharmacological interventions for apathy in Alzheimer's disease (2018) · Cochrane | RR 2.1 [0.6, 7.38] | 3 studies · 145 participants | Low |
Cholinesterase inhibitors (rivastigmine) vs placebo Duration of delirium days · people with delirium Cholinesterase inhibitors for the treatment of delirium in non‐ICU settings (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 15 participants | Low |
Cholinesterase inhibitors (rivastigmine) vs placebo Severity of delirium CAM negative · people with delirium Cholinesterase inhibitors for the treatment of delirium in non‐ICU settings (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Cholinesterase inhibitors (rivastigmine) vs placebo Adverse events nausea · people with delirium Cholinesterase inhibitors for the treatment of delirium in non‐ICU settings (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.3 [0.01, 6.29] | 1 study · 15 participants | Low |
Cholinesterase inhibitors (rivastigmine) vs placebo Persistent cognitive impairment · people with delirium Cholinesterase inhibitors for the treatment of delirium in non‐ICU settings (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Cholinesterase inhibitors (rivastigmine) vs placebo Length of hospitalisation · people with delirium Cholinesterase inhibitors for the treatment of delirium in non‐ICU settings (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Cholinesterase inhibitors (rivastigmine) vs placebo Mortality · people with delirium Cholinesterase inhibitors for the treatment of delirium in non‐ICU settings (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.1 [0.01, 1.56] | 1 study · 15 participants | Low |
Cholinesterase inhibitors (rivastigmine) vs placebo Cost of intervention · people with delirium Cholinesterase inhibitors for the treatment of delirium in non‐ICU settings (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
MBSR vs active control Depressive symptoms · family carers of people with dementia Mindfulness‐based stress reduction for family carers of people with dementia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 135 participants | Low |
MBSR vs active control Anxiety · family carers of people with dementia Mindfulness‐based stress reduction for family carers of people with dementia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 78 participants | Low |
MBSR vs active control Carer burden · family carers of people with dementia Mindfulness‐based stress reduction for family carers of people with dementia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 135 participants | Low |
MBSR vs active control Dropout rates · family carers of people with dementia Mindfulness‐based stress reduction for family carers of people with dementia (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.39 [0.32, 5.99] | 4 studies · 166 participants | Very low |
MBSR vs inactive control Depressive symptoms · family carers of people with dementia Mindfulness‐based stress reduction for family carers of people with dementia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 50 participants | Low |
MBSR vs inactive control Anxiety · family carers of people with dementia Mindfulness‐based stress reduction for family carers of people with dementia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 33 participants | Low |
MBSR vs inactive control Carer burden · family carers of people with dementia Mindfulness‐based stress reduction for family carers of people with dementia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 17 participants | Very low |
MBSR vs inactive control Dropout rates · family carers of people with dementia Mindfulness‐based stress reduction for family carers of people with dementia (2018) · Cochrane | RR 2 [0.21, 18.69] | 1 study · 20 participants | Very low |
Vitamin E (capsules 2000 IU/day in two divided doses) vs placebo Cognitive function LS mean change from baseline using the ADAS‐Cog Scale from: 0 to 70 · people with Alzheimer's disease Vitamin E for Alzheimer's dementia and mild cognitive impairment (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 272 participants | Moderate |
Vitamin E (capsules 2000 IU/day in two divided doses) vs placebo Adverse events Number of participants reporting ≥ 1 serious adverse event · people with Alzheimer's disease Vitamin E for Alzheimer's dementia and mild cognitive impairment (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.86 [0.71, 1.05] | 1 study · 304 participants | Moderate |
Vitamin E (capsules 2000 IU/day in two divided doses) vs placebo Deaths Number of deaths · people with Alzheimer's disease Vitamin E for Alzheimer's dementia and mild cognitive impairment (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.84 [0.52, 1.34] | 1 study · 304 participants | Moderate |
Vitamin E (capsules 2000 IU/day in two divided doses) vs placebo Activities of daily living LS mean change from baseline using the ADCS‐ADL Scale from: 0 to 78 · people with Alzheimer's disease Vitamin E for Alzheimer's dementia and mild cognitive impairment (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 280 participants | Moderate |
Vitamin E (capsules 2000 IU/day in two divided doses) vs placebo Progression to Alzheimer's disease Number of people progressing to AD · people with mild cognitive impairment Vitamin E for Alzheimer's dementia and mild cognitive impairment (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.03 [0.79, 1.35] | 1 study · 516 participants | Moderate |
Vitamin E (capsules 2000 IU/day in two divided doses) vs placebo Cognitive function Mean change from baseline of ADAS‐Cog Scale from: 0 to 70 · people with mild cognitive impairment Vitamin E for Alzheimer's dementia and mild cognitive impairment (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Vitamin E (capsules 2000 IU/day in two divided doses) vs placebo Adverse events Number of participants reporting ≥ 1 serious adverse event. · people with mild cognitive impairment Vitamin E for Alzheimer's dementia and mild cognitive impairment (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 516 participants | Ungraded |
Vitamin E (capsules 2000 IU/day in two divided doses) vs placebo Death Number of deaths over 36 months · people with mild cognitive impairment Vitamin E for Alzheimer's dementia and mild cognitive impairment (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.01 [0.3, 3.44] | 1 study · 516 participants | Moderate |
Vitamin E (capsules 2000 IU/day in two divided doses) vs placebo Activities of daily living Mean change from baseline using the ADCS Mild Cognitive Impairment Activities of Daily Living Scale from: 0 to 53 · people with mild cognitive impairment Vitamin E for Alzheimer's dementia and mild cognitive impairment (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Glibenclamide (glyburide) vs Repaglinide Global cognitive function measured by MMSE at 12 months · patients with Type 2 diabetes Effect of the treatment of Type 2 diabetes mellitus on the development of cognitive impairment and dementia (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 156 participants | Low |
Intensive glycaemic control vs standard glycaemic control Adverse events (Hypoglycaemia) · patients with Type 2 diabetes Effect of the treatment of Type 2 diabetes mellitus on the development of cognitive impairment and dementia (2017) · Cochrane | RR 2.18 [1.52, 3.14] | 2 studies · 12931 participants | Low |
Intensive glycaemic control vs standard glycaemic control Mortality · patients with Type 2 diabetes Effect of the treatment of Type 2 diabetes mellitus on the development of cognitive impairment and dementia (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.79, 1.26] | 3 studies · 15888 participants | Moderate |
Rosiglitazone plus metformin vs glibenclamide (glyburide) plus metformin Global cognitive function · patients with Type 2 diabetes Effect of the treatment of Type 2 diabetes mellitus on the development of cognitive impairment and dementia (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Rosiglitazone plus metformin vs glibenclamide (glyburide) plus metformin Incidence of MCI · patients with Type 2 diabetes Effect of the treatment of Type 2 diabetes mellitus on the development of cognitive impairment and dementia (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Rosiglitazone plus metformin vs glibenclamide (glyburide) plus metformin Incidence of dementia · patients with Type 2 diabetes Effect of the treatment of Type 2 diabetes mellitus on the development of cognitive impairment and dementia (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Rosiglitazone plus metformin vs glibenclamide (glyburide) plus metformin Adverse events (Hypoglycaemia) · patients with Type 2 diabetes Effect of the treatment of Type 2 diabetes mellitus on the development of cognitive impairment and dementia (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Rosiglitazone plus metformin vs glibenclamide (glyburide) plus metformin Mortality · patients with Type 2 diabetes Effect of the treatment of Type 2 diabetes mellitus on the development of cognitive impairment and dementia (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Glibenclamide (glyburide) vs Repaglinide Incidence of MCI · patients with Type 2 diabetes Effect of the treatment of Type 2 diabetes mellitus on the development of cognitive impairment and dementia (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Glibenclamide (glyburide) vs Repaglinide Incidence of dementia · patients with Type 2 diabetes Effect of the treatment of Type 2 diabetes mellitus on the development of cognitive impairment and dementia (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Glibenclamide (glyburide) vs Repaglinide Adverse events (Hypoglycaemia) · patients with Type 2 diabetes Effect of the treatment of Type 2 diabetes mellitus on the development of cognitive impairment and dementia (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Glibenclamide (glyburide) vs Repaglinide Mortality · patients with Type 2 diabetes Effect of the treatment of Type 2 diabetes mellitus on the development of cognitive impairment and dementia (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intensive glycaemic control vs standard glycaemic control Global cognitive function (defined as reduction of at least 3 points in MMSE) · patients with Type 2 diabetes Effect of the treatment of Type 2 diabetes mellitus on the development of cognitive impairment and dementia (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.98 [0.88, 1.08] | 1 study · 11140 participants | Moderate |
Intensive glycaemic control vs standard glycaemic control Global cognitive function measured by MMSE at 40 months · patients with Type 2 diabetes Effect of the treatment of Type 2 diabetes mellitus on the development of cognitive impairment and dementia (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 2794 participants | Moderate |
Intensive glycaemic control vs standard glycaemic control Incidence of MCI · patients with Type 2 diabetes Effect of the treatment of Type 2 diabetes mellitus on the development of cognitive impairment and dementia (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intensive glycaemic control vs standard glycaemic control Incidence of dementia (defined as dementia according to DSM‐IV) · patients with Type 2 diabetes Effect of the treatment of Type 2 diabetes mellitus on the development of cognitive impairment and dementia (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.27 [0.87, 1.85] | 1 study · 11140 participants | Low |
L‐carnitine vs placebo Reaction time (8 lamps) · healthy young women L‐carnitine for cognitive enhancement in people without cognitive impairment (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 200 participants | Very low |
L‐carnitine vs placebo Vigilance · healthy young women L‐carnitine for cognitive enhancement in people without cognitive impairment (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 200 participants | Very low |
L‐carnitine vs placebo Immediate memory · healthy young women L‐carnitine for cognitive enhancement in people without cognitive impairment (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 200 participants | Very low |
L‐carnitine vs placebo Delayed memory · healthy young women L‐carnitine for cognitive enhancement in people without cognitive impairment (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 200 participants | Very low |
L‐carnitine vs placebo Adverse effects ‐ not reported · healthy young women L‐carnitine for cognitive enhancement in people without cognitive impairment (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Statins vs placebo Incidence of dementia Range of scale yes/no · older people with normal cognitiona Statins for the prevention of dementia (2016) · Cochrane | OR 1 [0.61, 1.65] | 1 study · 20536 participants | Moderate |
Statins vs placebo Mini Mental State Examination Score Score out of 30 (higher score better) Measures global cognitive function · older people with normal cognitiona Statins for the prevention of dementia (2016) · Cochrane | MD 0.06 | 1 study · 5804 participants | High |
Statins vs placebo Stroop Colour Word Test Total number of seconds required to complete the third Stroop card containing 40 items Measures attention · older people with normal cognitiona Statins for the prevention of dementia (2016) · Cochrane | MD 0.8 | 1 study · 5804 participants | High |