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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,463 questions in 125 reviews · Anaesthesia
current versionsNo studies 197 · 13.5%Ungraded 203 · 13.9%Very low 307 · 21%Low 441 · 30.1%Moderate 245 · 16.7%High 70 · 4.8%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Larger atraumatic needles vs smaller atraumatic needles Severe PDPH · patients undergoing lumbar punctures with atraumatic needles (Whitacre, Atraucan, Sprotte, Cappe‐Deutsh, Pajunk,… Needle gauge and tip designs for preventing post‐dural puncture headache (PDPH) (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 1983 participants | Low |
Larger atraumatic needles vs smaller atraumatic needles Any headache · patients undergoing lumbar punctures with atraumatic needles (Whitacre, Atraucan, Sprotte, Cappe‐Deutsh, Pajunk,… Needle gauge and tip designs for preventing post‐dural puncture headache (PDPH) (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 1791 participants | Moderate |
Traumatic needles vs atraumatic needles Adverse events: paraesthesia · patients undergoing lumbar punctures Needle gauge and tip designs for preventing post‐dural puncture headache (PDPH) (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.96 [0.47, 1.96] | 3 studies · 573 participants | Moderate |
Traumatic needles vs atraumatic needles Adverse events: backache · patients undergoing lumbar punctures Needle gauge and tip designs for preventing post‐dural puncture headache (PDPH) (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.94 [0.78, 1.13] | 12 studies · 3027 participants | Moderate |
Traumatic needles vs atraumatic needles Severe PDPH · patients undergoing lumbar punctures Needle gauge and tip designs for preventing post‐dural puncture headache (PDPH) (2017) · Cochrane | RD 0 [0, 0.01] | 24 studies · 6420 participants | Low |
Traumatic needles vs atraumatic needles Any headache · patients undergoing lumbar punctures Needle gauge and tip designs for preventing post‐dural puncture headache (PDPH) (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.35 [1.17, 1.57] | 18 studies · 4104 participants | Moderate |
Larger traumatic needles vs smaller traumatic needles Onset of PDPH · patients undergoing lumbar punctures with traumatic needles (Quincke, Greene, Hingson Ferguson, Lutz, Brace,… Needle gauge and tip designs for preventing post‐dural puncture headache (PDPH) (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 10 studies · 2288 participants | Low |
Larger traumatic needles vs smaller traumatic needles Adverse events: paraesthesia ‐ not reported · patients undergoing lumbar punctures with traumatic needles (Quincke, Greene, Hingson Ferguson, Lutz, Brace,… Needle gauge and tip designs for preventing post‐dural puncture headache (PDPH) (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Larger traumatic needles vs smaller traumatic needles Adverse event: backache · patients undergoing lumbar punctures with traumatic needles (Quincke, Greene, Hingson Ferguson, Lutz, Brace,… Needle gauge and tip designs for preventing post‐dural puncture headache (PDPH) (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 948 participants | Moderate |
Larger traumatic needles vs smaller traumatic needles Severe PDPH · patients undergoing lumbar punctures with traumatic needles (Quincke, Greene, Hingson Ferguson, Lutz, Brace,… Needle gauge and tip designs for preventing post‐dural puncture headache (PDPH) (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 1128 participants | Low |
Inhalational anaesthesia vs intravenous anaesthesia Pain in the PACU (VAS) · adults undergoing transabdominal robotic assisted laparoscopic surgery Total intravenous anaesthesia versus inhalational anaesthesia for adults undergoing transabdominal robotic… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 62 participants | Low |
Inhalational anaesthesia vs intravenous anaesthesia Pain at 1 to 6 hours (VAS) · adults undergoing transabdominal robotic assisted laparoscopic surgery Total intravenous anaesthesia versus inhalational anaesthesia for adults undergoing transabdominal robotic… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 62 participants | Low |
Inhalational anaesthesia vs intravenous anaesthesia Pain at 6 to 24 hours (VAS) · adults undergoing transabdominal robotic assisted laparoscopic surgery Total intravenous anaesthesia versus inhalational anaesthesia for adults undergoing transabdominal robotic… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 62 participants | Low |
Inhalational anaesthesia vs intravenous anaesthesia Presence of nausea · adults undergoing transabdominal robotic assisted laparoscopic surgery Total intravenous anaesthesia versus inhalational anaesthesia for adults undergoing transabdominal robotic… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.39 [0.19, 0.8] | 1 study · 62 participants | Low |
Inhalational anaesthesia vs intravenous anaesthesia Nausea intensity (VNRS) in PACU · adults undergoing transabdominal robotic assisted laparoscopic surgery Total intravenous anaesthesia versus inhalational anaesthesia for adults undergoing transabdominal robotic… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 62 participants | Low |
Inhalational anaesthesia vs intravenous anaesthesia Nausea intensity (VNRS) at 1 to 6 hours · adults undergoing transabdominal robotic assisted laparoscopic surgery Total intravenous anaesthesia versus inhalational anaesthesia for adults undergoing transabdominal robotic… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 62 participants | Low |
Inhalational anaesthesia vs intravenous anaesthesia Nausea‐vomiting rate at 1 hour · adults undergoing transabdominal robotic assisted laparoscopic surgery Total intravenous anaesthesia versus inhalational anaesthesia for adults undergoing transabdominal robotic… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 23 [1.44, 366.71] | 1 study · 42 participants | Very low |
Inhalational anaesthesia vs intravenous anaesthesia Nausea‐vomiting rate at 3 hours · adults undergoing transabdominal robotic assisted laparoscopic surgery Total intravenous anaesthesia versus inhalational anaesthesia for adults undergoing transabdominal robotic… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 2 [0.2, 20.41] | 1 study · 42 participants | Very low |
Inhalational anaesthesia vs intravenous anaesthesia Adverse effects: increase in IOP during maintenance of anaesthesia · adults undergoing transabdominal robotic assisted laparoscopic surgery Total intravenous anaesthesia versus inhalational anaesthesia for adults undergoing transabdominal robotic… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 66 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Intubation time · tracheal intubation in children (excluding neonates) Videolaryngoscopy versus direct laryngoscopy for tracheal intubation in children (excluding neonates) (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 12 studies · 798 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Number of attempts at intubation and unsuccessful intubations assessed as intubation at first attempt · tracheal intubation in children (excluding neonates) Videolaryngoscopy versus direct laryngoscopy for tracheal intubation in children (excluding neonates) (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.96 [0.91, 1.02] | 11 studies · 749 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Number of attempts at intubation and unsuccessful intubations assessed as unsuccessful or required more than 2 attempts at intubation · tracheal intubation in children (excluding neonates) Videolaryngoscopy versus direct laryngoscopy for tracheal intubation in children (excluding neonates) (2017) · Cochrane | RR 4.93 [1.33, 18.31] | 5 studies · 263 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Adverse haemodynamic response to endotracheal intubation assessed as changes in oxygen saturation · tracheal intubation in children (excluding neonates) Videolaryngoscopy versus direct laryngoscopy for tracheal intubation in children (excluding neonates) (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 272 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Adverse haemodynamic response to endotracheal intubation assessed as other adverse haemodynamic response · tracheal intubation in children (excluding neonates) Videolaryngoscopy versus direct laryngoscopy for tracheal intubation in children (excluding neonates) (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 100 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Other adverse effects of intubation in children, including trauma to oral, pharyngeal, and laryngeal structures, assessed by visual or laryngoscopic examination · tracheal intubation in children (excluding neonates) Videolaryngoscopy versus direct laryngoscopy for tracheal intubation in children (excluding neonates) (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 244 participants | Very low |
Peripheral nerve blocks vs systemic analgesia Pain at rest on arrival in postoperative care unit Visual/verbal analogue scale · adults undergoing elective primary total hip replacement Nerve blocks or no nerve blocks for pain control after elective hip replacement (arthroplasty) surgery in… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 429 participants | Moderate |
Peripheral nerve block vs neuraxial block Aute confusional state Disorientation · adults undergoing elective primary total hip replacement Nerve blocks or no nerve blocks for pain control after elective hip replacement (arthroplasty) surgery in… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.29 [0.01, 6.69] | 1 study · 50 participants | Very low |
Peripheral nerve block vs neuraxial block Pruritus Subjective scale · adults undergoing elective primary total hip replacement Nerve blocks or no nerve blocks for pain control after elective hip replacement (arthroplasty) surgery in… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.33 [0.19, 0.58] | 6 studies · 299 participants | Moderate |
Peripheral nerve block vs neuraxial block Hospital length of stay · adults undergoing elective primary total hip replacement Nerve blocks or no nerve blocks for pain control after elective hip replacement (arthroplasty) surgery in… (2017) · Cochrane | MD 0.19 | 2 studies · 64 participants | Low |
Peripheral nerve block vs neuraxial block Time to first walk · adults undergoing elective primary total hip replacement Nerve blocks or no nerve blocks for pain control after elective hip replacement (arthroplasty) surgery in… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 94 participants | Low |
Peripheral nerve block vs neuraxial block Patient satisfaction · adults undergoing elective primary total hip replacement Nerve blocks or no nerve blocks for pain control after elective hip replacement (arthroplasty) surgery in… (2017) · Cochrane | SMD 0.08 | 6 studies · 307 participants | High |
Peripheral nerve blocks vs systemic analgesia Total number of nerve block‐related complications · adults undergoing elective primary total hip replacement Nerve blocks or no nerve blocks for pain control after elective hip replacement (arthroplasty) surgery in… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Peripheral nerve blocks vs systemic analgesia Acute confusional state Complete loss of time and space orientation · adults undergoing elective primary total hip replacement Nerve blocks or no nerve blocks for pain control after elective hip replacement (arthroplasty) surgery in… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.1 [0.02, 0.54] | 1 study · 225 participants | Very low |
Peripheral nerve blocks vs systemic analgesia Pruritus · adults undergoing elective primary total hip replacement Nerve blocks or no nerve blocks for pain control after elective hip replacement (arthroplasty) surgery in… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.16 [0.04, 0.7] | 2 studies · 259 participants | Very low |
Peripheral nerve blocks vs systemic analgesia Hospital length of stay Objective actual measurement · adults undergoing elective primary total hip replacement Nerve blocks or no nerve blocks for pain control after elective hip replacement (arthroplasty) surgery in… (2017) · Cochrane | SMD 0.75 | 2 studies · 249 participants | Very low |
Peripheral nerve blocks vs systemic analgesia Walking at postoperative day 1 Objective actual measurement · adults undergoing elective primary total hip replacement Nerve blocks or no nerve blocks for pain control after elective hip replacement (arthroplasty) surgery in… (2017) · Cochrane | RD 0.01 | 2 studies · 278 participants | Very low |
Peripheral nerve blocks vs systemic analgesia Patient satisfaction Subjective scales · adults undergoing elective primary total hip replacement Nerve blocks or no nerve blocks for pain control after elective hip replacement (arthroplasty) surgery in… (2017) · Cochrane | SMD 0.67 [0.45, 0.89] | 5 studies · 363 participants | Low |
Peripheral nerve block vs neuraxial block Pain at rest on arrival in postoperative care unit Verbal/visual analogue scale. Scale from: 0 to 10 · adults undergoing elective primary total hip replacement Nerve blocks or no nerve blocks for pain control after elective hip replacement (arthroplasty) surgery in… (2017) · Cochrane | SMD 0.39 | 4 studies · 118 participants | Moderate |
Peripheral nerve block vs neuraxial block Total number of block‐related complications · adults undergoing elective primary total hip replacement Nerve blocks or no nerve blocks for pain control after elective hip replacement (arthroplasty) surgery in… (2017) · Cochrane | RD 0 | 5 studies · 334 participants | Low |
Perineural dexamethasone vs placebo Duration of sensory block (we included all studies describing duration of sensory block, regardless of how it was described) · participants undergoing surgery with peripheral nerve block Dexamethasone as an adjuvant to peripheral nerve block (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 27 studies · 1625 participants | Low |
Intravenous dexamethasone vs placebo Postoperative pain intensity at 48 hours (measured using pain scores on an 11‐point VAS) · participants undergoing surgery with peripheral nerve block Dexamethasone as an adjuvant to peripheral nerve block (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 172 participants | Low |
Perineural vs intravenous dexamethasone Duration of sensory block (we included all studies describing duration of sensory block regardless of how it was described) · peripheral nerve block Dexamethasone as an adjuvant to peripheral nerve block (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 720 participants | Moderate |
Perineural vs intravenous dexamethasone Incidence of serious adverse events (we used the NIH definition of adverse events. A serious event includes death, a life‐threatening event that requires hospitalization or prolonged hospitalization, disability or congenital anomaly) · peripheral nerve block Dexamethasone as an adjuvant to peripheral nerve block (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Perineural vs intravenous dexamethasone Postoperative pain intensity at 12 hours (measured using pain scores on an 11‐point VAS) · peripheral nerve block Dexamethasone as an adjuvant to peripheral nerve block (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 217 participants | Low |
Perineural vs intravenous dexamethasone Postoperative pain intensity at 24 hours (measured using pain scores on an 11‐point VAS) · peripheral nerve block Dexamethasone as an adjuvant to peripheral nerve block (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 309 participants | Moderate |
Perineural vs intravenous dexamethasone Postoperative pain intensity at 48 hours (measured using pain scores on an 11‐point VAS) · peripheral nerve block Dexamethasone as an adjuvant to peripheral nerve block (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 227 participants | Low |
Perineural dexamethasone vs placebo Incidence of serious adverse events (we used the NIH definition of adverse events. A serious event includes death, a life‐threatening event that requires hospitalization or prolonged hospitalization, disability or congenital anomaly) · participants undergoing surgery with peripheral nerve block Dexamethasone as an adjuvant to peripheral nerve block (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 620 participants | Very low |
Perineural dexamethasone vs placebo Postoperative pain intensity at 12 hours (assessed by pain scores on an 11‐point VAS) · participants undergoing surgery with peripheral nerve block Dexamethasone as an adjuvant to peripheral nerve block (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 257 participants | Very low |
Perineural dexamethasone vs placebo Postoperative pain intensity at 24 hours. (assessed by pain scores on an 11‐point VAS) · participants undergoing surgery with peripheral nerve block Dexamethasone as an adjuvant to peripheral nerve block (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 469 participants | Low |
Perineural dexamethasone vs placebo Postoperative pain intensity at 48 hours (assessed by pain scores on an 11‐point VAS) · participants undergoing surgery with peripheral nerve block Dexamethasone as an adjuvant to peripheral nerve block (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 296 participants | Low |