Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

418 questions · 611 findings · 68 reviews

No studies found 88 · 14.4%GRADE not reported 237 · 38.8%Very low 74 · 12.1%Low 115 · 18.8%Moderate 87 · 14.2%High 10 · 1.6%

Comparison 1: referral or full course of antibiotics vs usual care

Neonatal mortality ‐ full course · neonates with sepsis

It is very uncertain whether comparison 1: referral or full course of antibiotics changes neonatal mortality ‐ full course compared with standard care (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Comparison 1: route of antibiotic vs usual care

Neonatal mortality ‐ injectable antibiotic · neonates with sepsis

Comparison 1: route of antibiotic probably leads to lower neonatal mortality ‐ injectable antibiotic compared with standard care (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Comparison 1: route of antibiotic vs usual care

Neonatal mortality ‐ oral + injectable antibiotics · neonates with sepsis

Comparison 1: route of antibiotic showed no clear difference in neonatal mortality ‐ oral + injectable antibiotics compared with standard care (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Inhaled steroids vs systemic steroids

Death or bronchopulmonary dysplasia at 36 weeks PMA · Neonates with developing BPD

Inhaled steroids showed no clear difference in death or BPD at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age compared with systemic steroids (moderate certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Inhaled steroids vs systemic steroids

Diastolic blood pressure > 95th percentile at 7 years · Neonates with developing BPD

Inhaled steroids probably leads to lower diastolic blood pressure > 95th percentile at 7 years compared with systemic steroids (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Inhaled steroids vs systemic steroids

General conceptual ability (GCA) score at 7 years The test has a standardisation mean of 100 and SD of 15 · Neonates with developing BPD

Inhaled steroids showed no clear difference in general conceptual ability (GCA) score at 7 years The test has a… compared with systemic steroids (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Inhaled steroids vs systemic steroids

Systolic blood pressure > 95th percentile at 7 years · Neonates with developing BPD

Inhaled steroids showed no clear difference in systolic blood pressure > 95th percentile at 7 years compared with systemic steroids (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Inhaled steroids vs systemic corticosteroids

BPD or death at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age№ of participants: 0 (0 RCTs) · preterm infants with respiratory distress for initial respiratory support

Inhaled steroids showed no clear difference in death or BPD at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age among all randomised compared with systemic corticosteroids (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Inhaled steroids vs systemic corticosteroids

Death or BPD (28 days) · preterm infants with respiratory distress for initial respiratory support

Inhaled steroids showed no clear difference in death or BPD at 28 days compared with systemic corticosteroids (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Inhaled steroids vs systemic corticosteroids

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia/chronic lung disease · preterm infants with respiratory distress for initial respiratory support

Inhaled steroids showed no clear difference in BPD at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age compared with systemic corticosteroids (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review