Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

369 questions · 377 findings · 28 reviews · Schizophrenia

No studies found 101 · 26.8%GRADE not reported 54 · 14.3%Very low 133 · 35.3%Low 63 · 16.7%Moderate 26 · 6.9%High 0 · 0%

CBT plus standard care vs usual care

Global state: 2. Clinically important change (no improvement) ‐ long term · patients with schizophrenia

It is very uncertain whether COMPARISON 1: CBT+ STANDARD CARE changes global state: 2. Clinically important change (no improvement) ‐ long… compared with STANDARD CARE ALONE (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

CBT plus standard care vs usual care

Mental state: General ‐ clinically important change (no improvement) · patients with schizophrenia

It is very uncertain whether COMPARISON 1: CBT+ STANDARD CARE changes mental state: General ‐ clinically important change (no improvement)… compared with STANDARD CARE ALONE (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

CBT plus standard care vs usual care

Adverse events experienced at short or long term ‐ general adverse events 24 weeks' · patients with schizophrenia

It is very uncertain whether COMPARISON 1: CBT+ STANDARD CARE changes adverse events: General: any adverse event compared with STANDARD CARE ALONE (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

CBT plus standard care vs usual care

Satisfaction with treatment: 1. Leaving the study early ‐ long term · patients with schizophrenia

COMPARISON 1: CBT+ STANDARD CARE showed no clear difference in satisfaction with treatment: 1. Leaving the study early ‐ long term compared with STANDARD CARE ALONE (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

CBT vs ALL OTHER PSYCHOLOGICAL THERAPIES

Mental state: General ‐ clinically important change (no improvement) · patients with schizophrenia

CBT showed no clear difference in mental state: General ‐ clinically important change (no improvement) compared with ALL OTHER PSYCHOLOGICAL THERAPIES (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

CBT vs ALL OTHER PSYCHOLOGICAL THERAPIES

Satisfaction with treatment: leaving the study early Endpoint data (events) · patients with schizophrenia

CBT may leads to lower satisfaction with treatment ‐ leaving the study early for any reason compared with ALL OTHER PSYCHOLOGICAL THERAPIES (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Global state: No clinically important overall improvement (as rated by individual trials) ‐ medium term ( · People with schizophrenia and schizophrenia‐like disorders

The intervention may leads to lower global state: No clinically important overall improvement (as rated… (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Mental state: specific ‐ negative symptoms ‐ average endpoint score (SANS, high score = poor) medium term ( · People with schizophrenia and schizophrenia‐like disorders
1 finding from 1 review