What do systematic reviews say?

Psychological intervention + orthodontic treatment (palatal crib or palatal arch) vs no treatment

Psychological intervention + orthodontic treatment (palatal crib or… showed no clear difference in sucking cessation (short term) compared with no treatment; GRADE not reported.

• Interventions for the cessation of non‐nutritive sucking habits in children 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes

  Short term (less than 12 months)
  RR 6.36 [0.97, 41.96]
  1 study · 32 participants
  GRADE not reported

Cessation of water fluoridation (fluoride removed from the water supply) vs Continued fluoridated water

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Water fluoridation for the prevention of dental caries 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
  No evidence to determine the effect of the cessation of water fluoridation on caries in deciduous teeth. No included study reported change in dmft following cessation.
  0 studies
  No studies found

Higher drinking-water fluoride exposure vs Lower water fluoride concentration (concurrent control)

Higher water fluoride concentration (fluoridated water; natural or… may leads to higher dental fluorosis of any level (all severities) compared with lower water fluoride concentration (concurrent control) (low certainty).

• Water fluoridation for the prevention of dental caries 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes

  Cross-sectional
  OR 3.60 [2.86, 4.53]
  90 studies · 180530 participants
  Low

Fixed-appliance orthodontic treatment incorporating surgically assisted orthodontics (adjunctive surgical procedure: corticotomy, micro-osteoperforation or interseptal bone reduction) to increase the rate of tooth movement vs Conventional orthodontic appliance treatment

• Surgical adjunctive procedures for accelerating orthodontic treatment 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes

  Up to 4 months
  SoF: Assumed risk 'See comment'; Corresponding risk 'See comment'; 13 (1 study, split‐mouth); Quality ⊕⊖⊖⊖ very low. Comment: 'Gingival and periodonal problems only were assesed in 1 study (Aboul‐Ela 2011). No precise…
  1 study · 13 participants
  Very low

Oral cryotherapy (ice chips, ice-cold water, ice cubes or crushed ice held in the mouth during cancer treatment) vs High-dose leucovorin rinse

• Interventions for preventing oral mucositis in patients with cancer receiving treatment: oral cryotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Oral mucositis (moderate to severe). Not estimable - no participants had developed moderate or severe oral mucositis by the fourth day after chemotherapy when the data were reported (Zhang 2011, Analysis 4.2, subgroup…
  1 study · 81 participants
  GRADE not reported

Chlorhexidine spray vs Placebo or no intervention (including routine care)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Chlorhexidine treatment for the prevention of dental caries in children and adolescents 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
  There were no trials on other products containing chlorhexidine such as sprays, toothpastes, chewing gums or mouthrinses.
  0 studies
  No studies found

Chlorhexidine toothpaste vs Placebo or no intervention (including routine care)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Chlorhexidine treatment for the prevention of dental caries in children and adolescents 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
  There were no trials on other products containing chlorhexidine such as sprays, toothpastes, chewing gums or mouthrinses.
  0 studies
  No studies found

Endodontic therapy performed with one type of magnification device (surgical microscope, endoscope or magnifying loupes) vs Endodontic therapy performed with a different type of magnification device

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Magnification devices for endodontic therapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
  No included study assessed this outcome; the review notes that such secondary outcomes were only sporadically reported and were never statistically assessed.
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Endodontic therapy (surgical or non-surgical) performed with the aid of one or more magnification devices (surgical microscope, endoscope or magnifying loupes) vs The same endodontic therapy performed without magnification devices (without visual enhancers)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Magnification devices for endodontic therapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
  No included study assessed this outcome; the review notes that such secondary outcomes were only sporadically reported and were never statistically assessed.
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Xylitol sucking tablets (1 g/day) vs no treatment

• Xylitol‐containing products for preventing dental caries in children and adults 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes

  18 months (24-month follow-up)
  PF 0.53 [0.001, 1.04]
  1 study · 118 participants
  Very low

Endodontic therapy (surgical or non-surgical) performed with the aid of one or more magnification devices (surgical microscope, endoscope or magnifying loupes) vs The same endodontic therapy performed without magnification devices (without visual enhancers)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Magnification devices for endodontic therapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes

  >=1 year after treatment
  None of the studies fulfilled our inclusion criteria and therefore no data analysis was conducted (three potentially eligible trials were identified from 1234 records; all were excluded).
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

EGFR monoclonal antibody (cetuximab or nimotuzumab) plus standard therapy (radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy) vs Standard therapy alone (radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy)

EGFR monoclonal antibody (cetuximab or nimotuzumab) plus standard… probably leads to lower locoregional control compared with standard therapy alone (radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy) (moderate certainty).

• Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes

  24 to 70 months
  HR 0.68 [0.52, 0.89]
  1 study · 424 participants
  Moderate

Cessation of water fluoridation (fluoride removed from the water supply) vs Continued fluoridated water

• Water fluoridation for the prevention of dental caries 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes

  Follow-up 3 years
  Insufficient evidence to determine the effect of the cessation of water fluoridation on caries. One study (Maupome 2001), at high risk of bias, over 3 years found no increase in caries in the fluoride-ended group…
  1 study · 9249 participants
  Very low

Endodontic therapy performed with one type of magnification device (surgical microscope, endoscope or magnifying loupes) vs Endodontic therapy performed with a different type of magnification device

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Magnification devices for endodontic therapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
  No included study assessed procedure time. In the excluded trial Taschieri 2008, based on the operators' experience, completing the surgical procedure took on average four to five minutes longer for the endoscope than…
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Endodontic therapy performed with one type of magnification device (surgical microscope, endoscope or magnifying loupes) vs Endodontic therapy performed with a different type of magnification device

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Magnification devices for endodontic therapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes

  >=1 year after treatment
  None of the studies fulfilled our inclusion criteria; the only trial comparing three magnification devices (Taschieri 2008) was excluded, so no data analysis was conducted.
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Pilocarpine vs placebo

• Parasympathomimetic drugs for the treatment of salivary gland dysfunction due to radiotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Johnson 1993 (5 mg tds): sweating 37%, headache 15%, urinary frequency 14%, vasodilatation 12%, dizziness 10%, dyspepsia 10%, nausea 8%, asthenia 8%, diarrhoea 5%; 6% withdrew at 5 mg tds and 29% at 10 mg tds. LeVeque…
  2 studies · 278 participants
  GRADE not reported

Oral cryotherapy (ice chips, ice-cold water, ice cubes or crushed ice held in the mouth during cancer treatment) vs no intervention or control intervention (control)

It is very uncertain whether oral cryotherapy (ice chips, ice-cold water, ice cubes or crushed… changes normalcy of diet (days of total parenteral nutrition, TPN) compared with control (no treatment or standard/usual oral care, e.g. saline rinse) (very low certainty).

• Interventions for preventing oral mucositis in patients with cancer receiving treatment: oral cryotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes

  High-dose melphalan-based treatment prior to HSCT (haematological cancers)
  MD -2.18 [-4.33, -0.03]
  1 study · 78 participants
  Very low
• Interventions for preventing oral mucositis in patients with cancer receiving treatment: oral cryotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes

  Fluorouracil (5FU) treatment for solid cancers
  Summary of findings for the main comparison (5FU solid cancers): Normalcy of diet (days of total parenteral nutrition) - 'No studies assessed this outcome'.
  0 studies
  No studies found

Pilocarpine vs Artificial saliva

• Parasympathomimetic drugs for the treatment of salivary gland dysfunction due to radiotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Davies 1994 assessed dysgeusia and dysphagia; pilocarpine reported more effective than mucin-based artificial saliva for dysgeusia. No pooled data.
  1 study · 20 participants
  GRADE not reported

Resin sealant (with or without flossing advice) vs Flossing advice (non-invasive control)

Resin sealant (with or without flossing advice) led to lower caries (lesion) progression (radiographic) compared with flossing advice (non-invasive control); GRADE not reported.

• Micro‐invasive interventions for managing proximal dental decay in primary and permanent teeth 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes

  12 to 36 months (radiographic follow-up) · Resin sealant
  OR 0.33 [0.18, 0.59]
  2 studies
  GRADE not reported

Fixed-appliance orthodontic treatment incorporating surgically assisted orthodontics (adjunctive surgical procedure: corticotomy, micro-osteoperforation or interseptal bone reduction) to increase the rate of tooth movement vs Conventional orthodontic appliance treatment

• Surgical adjunctive procedures for accelerating orthodontic treatment 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes

  24 hours to 28 days
  Results: 'Pain experience was compared between surgical and non‐surgical cases in a single study (Alikhani 2013). Within 24 hours of appliance activation and canine retraction, both groups reported higher levels of…
  1 study
  GRADE not reported