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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
10,375 questions in 429 reviews · Oral Health
current versionsNo studies 1,344 · 13%Ungraded 6,832 · 65.9%Very low 1,228 · 11.8%Low 613 · 5.9%Moderate 290 · 2.8%High 68 · 0.7%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
WINSIX cylindrical implants vs WINSIX tapered implants Implant failure · Adults with missing teeth who received osseointegrated root-formed dental implants, functionally loaded and followed… · 1 to 2 years Interventions for replacing missing teeth: different types of dental implants (2014) · Cochrane | RR 2.00 [0.38, 10.58] | 1 study · 132 participants | Ungraded |
Topical local anaesthetic (spray or dental swab) vs Placebo or no treatment Participant satisfaction · Children and young people aged 17 years or younger having dental treatment (including extractions) under general… Intraoperative local anaesthesia for reduction of postoperative pain following general anaesthesia for… (2014) · Cochrane | None of the studies reported on patient or child satisfaction | 0 studies | No studies |
Repair of a defective resin composite restoration in a permanent molar or premolar tooth (with resin composite) vs Replacement of a defective resin composite restoration in a permanent molar or premolar tooth (with resin composite) Perioperative or postoperative pain or discomfort · Adults (16 years or over) with one or more defective resin composite restoration(s) in a molar or premolar tooth/teeth · Medium term (less than 5 years) or long term (5 years and above) Replacement versus repair of defective restorations in adults: resin composite (2014) · Cochrane | No randomised controlled trials were found | 0 studies | No studies |
Bone substitute (anorganic bovine bone / Bio-Oss) vs A different bone substitute Complications at augmented site · Patients undergoing two-stage maxillary sinus augmentation · 1 year after loading Interventions for replacing missing teeth: augmentation procedures of the maxillary sinus (2014) · Cochrane | OR 3.29 [0.12, 89.8] | 1 study · 11 participants | Ungraded |
Removable appliance with palatal crib associated with high-pull chincup vs No treatment Position of the incisors (upper incisor inclination) · Children and adolescents (over 80% aged 16 years or younger at treatment start) with anterior open bite (lack of… · End of treatment (12 months) Orthodontic and orthopaedic treatment for anterior open bite in children (2014) · Cochrane | The author reported that data (1.NA, 1-NA, 1-PP, 1.NB, 1-NB, 1-GoMe) showed a statistically significant difference. There was palatal inclination of the upper incisors in the intervention group that contributed to… | 1 study | Ungraded |
Vitamin D compounds (supplementation) vs Placebo or control Risk of hyperphosphataemia · Adults with chronic kidney disease not requiring dialysis Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of… (2014) | RR 1.58 [0.47, 5.30] | 2 studies · 245 participants | Ungraded |
Repair of a defective resin composite restoration in a permanent molar or premolar tooth (with resin composite) vs Replacement of a defective resin composite restoration in a permanent molar or premolar tooth (with resin composite) Extraction of tooth (due to decay) · Adults (16 years or over) with one or more defective resin composite restoration(s) in a molar or premolar tooth/teeth · Medium term (less than 5 years) or long term (5 years and above) Replacement versus repair of defective restorations in adults: resin composite (2014) · Cochrane | No randomised controlled trials were found | 0 studies | No studies |
Powered toothbrush (any mode of action) vs Manual toothbrush Gingivitis score (>3 months) · Individuals of any age with no reported disability that might affect toothbrushing (including people wearing… · Long term (>3 months) Powered versus manual toothbrushing for oral health (2014) · Cochrane | SMD -0.21 [-0.31, -0.12] | 16 studies · 1645 participants | Moderate |
Ankylos Plus (Dentsply) implants vs Seven (Sweden & Martina) implants Implant failure · Adults with missing teeth who received osseointegrated root-formed dental implants, functionally loaded and followed… · 1 year Interventions for replacing missing teeth: different types of dental implants (2014) · Cochrane | No failures; risk ratio not estimable (Crespi 2009) | 1 study · 48 participants | Ungraded |
SPI Element sand-blasted acid-etched standard implants vs SPI Element SurfLink-modified implants Implant failure · Adults with missing teeth who received osseointegrated root-formed dental implants, functionally loaded and followed… · 1 year Interventions for replacing missing teeth: different types of dental implants (2014) · Cochrane | No failures; risk ratio not estimable (Esposito 2013a) | 1 study · 23 participants | Ungraded |
Vitamin D supplementation vs Placebo or control Maternal vitamin D concentrations at term · Pregnant women Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of… (2014) | WMD 47.08 [23.76, 70.39] | 4 studies | Ungraded |
Powered toothbrush, side-to-side action vs Manual toothbrush Gingivitis score (1 to 3 months) · Individuals of any age with no reported disability that might affect toothbrushing (including people wearing… · Short term (1 to 3 months) Powered versus manual toothbrushing for oral health (2014) · Cochrane | SMD -0.32 [-0.81, 0.17] | 9 studies · 795 participants | Ungraded |
One-stage augmentation (implants placed simultaneously) vs Two-stage augmentation (delayed implant placement) Complications · Patients requiring maxillary sinus augmentation · 1 year after loading Interventions for replacing missing teeth: augmentation procedures of the maxillary sinus (2014) · Cochrane | OR 2.23 [0.19, 26.06] | 1 study · 58 participants | Ungraded |
Astra TiO2-blast cylindrical implants vs Astra TiO2-blast conical (tapered, microthreaded) implants Implant failure · Adults with missing teeth who received osseointegrated root-formed dental implants, functionally loaded and followed… · 3 years Interventions for replacing missing teeth: different types of dental implants (2014) · Cochrane | No failures; risk ratio not estimable (Lee 2007) | 1 study · 34 participants | Ungraded |
Vitamin D supplementation vs Placebo or control Bone mineral density · Children · Whole body / total Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of… (2014) | SMD 0.1 [-0.06, 0.26] | 5 studies | Ungraded |
Vitamin D supplementation vs Placebo or control Bone mineral density in hip · Children Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of… (2014) | SMD 0.06 [-0.18, 0.29] | 4 studies | Ungraded |
Repair of a defective amalgam restoration in a permanent molar or premolar tooth (with amalgam) vs Replacement of a defective amalgam restoration in a permanent molar or premolar tooth (with amalgam) Presence of clinical symptoms (pain, swelling, diagnosis of pulpitis, abscess formation) · Adults (16 years or over) with one or more defective amalgam restoration(s) in a molar or premolar tooth/teeth · Medium term (less than 5 years) or long term (5 years and above) Replacement versus repair of defective restorations in adults: amalgam (2014) · Cochrane | No randomised controlled trials were found | 0 studies | No studies |
Medical interventions (systemic: analgesics, antidepressants, antiepileptics, steroids; topical: analgesics, anaesthetics) vs Another intervention, or no intervention Outcome NR · Patients of any age in any setting requiring intervention for iatrogenic injury to the inferior alveolar or lingual… Interventions for iatrogenic inferior alveolar and lingual nerve injury (2014) · Cochrane | Results: 'No studies evaluated medical ... interventions.' No eligible RCT of medical interventions (analgesics, antidepressants, antiepileptics, steroids, topical anaesthetics). | 0 studies | No studies |
Infiltration injection local anaesthetic vs No treatment or placebo Postoperative anxiety · Children and young people aged 17 years or younger having dental treatment (including extractions) under general… Intraoperative local anaesthesia for reduction of postoperative pain following general anaesthesia for… (2014) · Cochrane | None of the studies reported on postoperative anxiety | 0 studies | No studies |
Hand mallet (osteotomes) vs Electric mallet Prosthesis failure · Patients undergoing one-stage crestal maxillary sinus lift without bone grafts (baseline residual bone height about… · 19 months to 3 years after loading Interventions for replacing missing teeth: augmentation procedures of the maxillary sinus (2014) · Cochrane | Crespi 2012 (parallel, 40 per group): prosthesis failures 0/40 versus 0/40; none. | 1 study · 80 participants | Ungraded |
Infiltration injection LA and intraligamental injection LA (3-arm) vs No treatment Postoperative anxiety · Children and young people aged 17 years or younger having dental treatment (including extractions) under general… Intraoperative local anaesthesia for reduction of postoperative pain following general anaesthesia for… (2014) · Cochrane | Postoperative anxiety (Venham Picture Test) measured in 52 children; not statistically significantly different among the three groups (P=0.23) | 1 study · 52 participants | Ungraded |
Vitamin D compounds (supplementation) vs Placebo or control Bone pain · Adults with chronic kidney disease requiring dialysis Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of… (2014) | RR 0.29 [0.03, 2.63] | 4 studies · 109 participants | Ungraded |
One-stage crestal-approach sinus lift with autogenous bone and 8 mm implants vs Lateral-window sinus lift with 50% autogenous bone/50% Bio-Oss and implants at least 10 mm long Augmentation (graft) procedure failure · Patients with 3 to 6 mm of residual bone height at the sinus floor · 5 years after loading Interventions for replacing missing teeth: augmentation procedures of the maxillary sinus (2014) · Cochrane | OR 0.18 [0.01, 4.01] | 1 study · 40 participants | Ungraded |
Vitamin D supplementation vs Placebo or control Falls: rate of falls · Older or community-dwelling adults · Older people in care facilities or hospitals Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of… (2014) | RAR 0.55 [0.19, 1.64] | 2 studies | Ungraded |
ITI SLA cylindrical implants vs ITI SLA tapered implants Implant failure · Adults with missing teeth who received osseointegrated root-formed dental implants, functionally loaded and followed… · 1 year Interventions for replacing missing teeth: different types of dental implants (2014) · Cochrane | No failures (Lang 2007, Table 2); risk ratio not estimable | 1 study · 208 participants | Ungraded |
Vitamin D supplementation vs Placebo or control Bone mineral density · Older or community-dwelling adults Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of… (2014) | WMD -0.9 [-2.10, 0.40] | 3 studies | Ungraded |
Intraligamental injection local anaesthetic vs No treatment Parental satisfaction · Children and young people aged 17 years or younger having dental treatment (including extractions) under general… Intraoperative local anaesthesia for reduction of postoperative pain following general anaesthesia for… (2014) · Cochrane | No study reported parental satisfaction | 0 studies | No studies |
Vitamin D supplementation vs Placebo or control Falls: rate of falls · Older or community-dwelling adults · Older people in the community Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of… (2014) | RAR 1.14 [1.03, 1.27] | 2 studies | Ungraded |
Vitamin D supplementation vs Placebo or control Dental caries · Children Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of… (2014) | RR 0.53 [0.43, 0.65] | 38 studies · 1513 participants | Ungraded |
Higher circulating 25OHD concentration vs Lower circulating 25OHD concentration All cause mortality (in CKD patients) · Participants in observational studies Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of… (2014) | RR 0.86 [0.81, 0.92] | 10 studies · 6853 participants | Ungraded |
Low-level laser therapy (photon-plus GaAlAs diode laser; 70 mW output, continuous 820 nm) vs Placebo (sham) laser therapy Taste · Patients of any age in any setting requiring intervention for iatrogenic injury to the inferior alveolar or lingual… Interventions for iatrogenic inferior alveolar and lingual nerve injury (2014) · Cochrane | SoF row 'Taste': This outcome was not reported in the included studies. | 0 studies | No studies |
Low-level laser therapy (photon-plus GaAlAs diode laser; 70 mW output, continuous 820 nm) vs Placebo (sham) laser therapy Thermosensory (thermal) perception · Patients of any age in any setting requiring intervention for iatrogenic injury to the inferior alveolar or lingual… Interventions for iatrogenic inferior alveolar and lingual nerve injury (2014) · Cochrane | MD 1.79 [-2.04, 5.62] | 2 studies · 25 participants | Ungraded |
Vitamin D supplementation vs Placebo or control Insulin resistance · Adults with diabetes · Diabetes Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of… (2014) | SMD 0.16 [-0.11, 0.42] | 5 studies | Ungraded |
Hand mallet (osteotomes) vs Electric mallet Bone gain · Patients undergoing one-stage crestal maxillary sinus lift without bone grafts (baseline residual bone height about… · after augmentation Interventions for replacing missing teeth: augmentation procedures of the maxillary sinus (2014) · Cochrane | MD 0.10 [-0.52, 0.72] | 1 study · 80 participants | Ungraded |
Repair of a defective amalgam restoration in a permanent molar or premolar tooth (with amalgam) vs Replacement of a defective amalgam restoration in a permanent molar or premolar tooth (with amalgam) Further restoration required (repair, restoration, placement of crown/inlay, root filling) · Adults (16 years or over) with one or more defective amalgam restoration(s) in a molar or premolar tooth/teeth · Medium term (less than 5 years) or long term (5 years and above) Replacement versus repair of defective restorations in adults: amalgam (2014) · Cochrane | No randomised controlled trials were found | 0 studies | No studies |
Topical local anaesthetic (spray or dental swab) vs Placebo or no treatment Postoperative anxiety · Children and young people aged 17 years or younger having dental treatment (including extractions) under general… Intraoperative local anaesthesia for reduction of postoperative pain following general anaesthesia for… (2014) · Cochrane | None of the studies reported on postoperative anxiety | 0 studies | No studies |
Powered toothbrush (any mode of action) vs Manual toothbrush Plaque score (>3 months) · Individuals of any age with no reported disability that might affect toothbrushing (including people wearing… · Long term (>3 months) Powered versus manual toothbrushing for oral health (2014) · Cochrane | SMD -0.47 [-0.82, -0.11] | 14 studies · 978 participants | Moderate |
Sucralfate suspension (topical) vs Placebo suspension Frequency of oral ulcers · People with Behcet's disease with a history of recurrent oral aphthous-type (RAS-type) ulcers diagnosed clinically;… · End of treatment (3 months) Interventions for managing oral ulcers in Behçet's disease (2014) · Cochrane | MD -0.80 [-2.12, 0.52] | 1 study · 30 participants | Ungraded |
Low-level laser therapy (photon-plus GaAlAs diode laser; 70 mW output, continuous 820 nm) vs Placebo (sham) laser therapy Patient satisfaction · Patients of any age in any setting requiring intervention for iatrogenic injury to the inferior alveolar or lingual… Interventions for iatrogenic inferior alveolar and lingual nerve injury (2014) · Cochrane | Results: no included study reported quality of life or patient satisfaction. In PUB2 patient satisfaction is merged with quality of life as 'quality of life/patient satisfaction'. | 0 studies | No studies |
Higher circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration vs Lower circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration Depression · Adults (general population) · Case-control studies Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of… (2014) | OR 0.77 [0.59, 1.00] | 9 studies · 19807 participants | Ungraded |
Higher circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration vs Lower circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration Type 2 diabetes (prevalent) · Adults (general population) Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of… (2014) | OR 0.45 [0.25, 0.82] | 9 studies · 11892 participants | Ungraded |
Frankel's function regulator-4 (FR-4) with lip-seal training vs No treatment Side effects / tolerability · Children and adolescents (over 80% aged 16 years or younger at treatment start) with anterior open bite (lack of… Orthodontic and orthopaedic treatment for anterior open bite in children (2014) · Cochrane | Outcome proposed in the review but not found in any included study. The review states: 'The other outcomes proposed in this review were not found: stability of anterior open bite correction; reduction of snoring; signs… | 0 studies | No studies |
Removable appliance with palatal crib associated with high-pull chincup vs No treatment Failure to correct the anterior open bite (open bite not closed) · Children and adolescents (over 80% aged 16 years or younger at treatment start) with anterior open bite (lack of… · End of treatment (12 months) Orthodontic and orthopaedic treatment for anterior open bite in children (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.23 [0.11, 0.48] | 1 study · 60 participants | Ungraded |
Southern wide implants vs Neoss turned implants Implant failure · Adults with missing teeth who received osseointegrated root-formed dental implants, functionally loaded and followed… · 1 year Interventions for replacing missing teeth: different types of dental implants (2014) · Cochrane | No failures; risk ratio not estimable (Alsabeeha 2011) | 1 study | Ungraded |
Sinus lift with bone graft (granular Bio-Oss) vs Sinus lift without bone graft (Inion resorbable rigid barrier maintaining space / no bone) Implant failure · Patients with an atrophic maxillary sinus requiring augmentation (1 to 5 mm residual bone height) · 1 year after loading Interventions for replacing missing teeth: augmentation procedures of the maxillary sinus (2014) · Cochrane | OR 0.52 [0.10, 2.82] | 2 studies · 53 participants | Ungraded |
Powered toothbrush, ultrasonic action vs Manual toothbrush Plaque score (1 to 3 months) · Individuals of any age with no reported disability that might affect toothbrushing (including people wearing… · Short term (1 to 3 months) Powered versus manual toothbrushing for oral health (2014) · Cochrane | SMD -1.33 [-1.59, -1.07] | 4 studies · 301 participants | Ungraded |
Dual mini-screw implant vs Single mini-screw implant Adverse effects · Patients undergoing orthodontic treatment requiring surgical (mini-screw implant) anchorage Reinforcement of anchorage during orthodontic brace treatment with implants or other surgical methods (2014) · Cochrane | Adverse effects were not reported in any of the studies comparing two types of surgical anchorage | 0 studies | No studies |
Higher circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration vs Lower circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration All cause mortality · Adults (general population) Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of… (2014) | HR 0.72 [0.66, 0.78] | 18 studies · 77155 participants | Ungraded |
Infiltration injection local anaesthetic vs No treatment or placebo Physiological parameters (cardiac/respiratory events; type and volume of GA drug) · Children and young people aged 17 years or younger having dental treatment (including extractions) under general… Intraoperative local anaesthesia for reduction of postoperative pain following general anaesthesia for… (2014) · Cochrane | Because of substantial clinical and methodological heterogeneity in the studies, we were unable to determine an estimate of effect | 2 studies · 148 participants | Very low |
Branemark Mark II turned titanium screws vs ITI TPS hollow titanium screws Implant failure · Adults with missing teeth who received osseointegrated root-formed dental implants, functionally loaded and followed… · 1 to 10 years Interventions for replacing missing teeth: different types of dental implants (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.64 [0.22, 12.01] | 2 studies · 99 participants | Ungraded |