Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

3,801 questions · 4,079 findings · 473 reviews

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No studies found 669 · 16.4%GRADE not reported 852 · 20.9%Very low 738 · 18.1%Low 903 · 22.1%Moderate 716 · 17.6%High 201 · 4.9%

Maize flour or maize flour products fortified with folic acid plus other vitamins and minerals vs unfortified maize flours or maize flour products

Folate concentration Serum folate levels, measured between 6 and 12 months after entry to the study · health outcomes

1 finding from 1 review

Fortification of wheat and maize flour with folic acid for population health outcomes 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 35 participants
Very low

Wheat flour or wheat flour products fortified with folic acid alone vs unfortified wheat flours or wheat flour products (not containing folic acid nor any other vitamins and minerals)

Erythrocyte folate concentrations (nmol/L) · health outcomes

1 finding from 1 review

Fortification of wheat and maize flour with folic acid for population health outcomes 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 30 participants
Very low

Wheat flour or wheat flour products fortified with folic acid alone vs unfortified wheat flours or wheat flour products (not containing folic acid nor any other vitamins and minerals)

Plasma folate concentrations (nmol/L) · health outcomes

1 finding from 1 review

Fortification of wheat and maize flour with folic acid for population health outcomes 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 30 participants
Very low

Wheat flour or wheat flour products fortified with folic acid plus other vitamins and minerals vs unfortified wheat flours or wheat flour products (not containing folic acid nor any other vitamins and minerals)

Anaemia · health outcomes

Wheat flour or wheat flour products fortified with folic acid plus… showed no clear difference in anaemia compared with unfortified wheat flours or wheat flour products (not containing… (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fortification of wheat and maize flour with folic acid for population health outcomes 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.07 [0.74, 1.55]
1 study · 334 participants
Low

Wheat flour or wheat flour products fortified with folic acid plus other vitamins and minerals vs unfortified wheat flours or wheat flour products (not containing folic acid nor any other vitamins and minerals)

Haemoglobin (g/dL) · health outcomes

1 finding from 1 review

Fortification of wheat and maize flour with folic acid for population health outcomes 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 334 participants
Low

Wheat flour or wheat flour products fortified with folic acid plus other vitamins and minerals vs unfortified wheat flours or wheat flour products (not containing folic acid nor any other vitamins and minerals)

Neural tube defects (All) · health: non‐randomised studies

It is very uncertain whether wheat flour or wheat flour products fortified with folic acid plus… changes neural tube defects (spina bifida, encephalocoele, anencephaly‐fatal… compared with unfortified wheat flours or wheat flour products (not containing… (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fortification of wheat and maize flour with folic acid for population health outcomes 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.32 [0.21, 0.48]
8037 participants
Very low

LABA/LAMA vs placebo

All‐cause mortality (3‐week to 1‐year · Adults with COPD

Once‐daily LABA/LAMA in a combined inhaler showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality (3‐week to 1‐year compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Once daily long‐acting beta2‐agonists and long‐acting muscarinic antagonists in a combined inhaler versus placebo for… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.88 [0.81, 4.36]
18 studies · 8752 participants
Low

LABA/LAMA vs placebo

Serious adverse events (3‐week to 1‐year · Adults with COPD

Once‐daily LABA/LAMA in a combined inhaler showed no clear difference in serious adverse events (3‐week to 1‐year compared with placebo (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Once daily long‐acting beta2‐agonists and long‐acting muscarinic antagonists in a combined inhaler versus placebo for… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.06 [0.88, 1.28]
22 studies · 10536 participants
High

LABA/LAMA vs placebo

COPD exacerbations · Adults with COPD

Once‐daily LABA/LAMA in a combined inhaler probably leads to lower acute exacerbations of COPD (4‐week to 24‐week compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Once daily long‐acting beta2‐agonists and long‐acting muscarinic antagonists in a combined inhaler versus placebo for… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.53 [0.36, 0.78]
3 studies · 1127 participants
Moderate

LABA/LAMA vs placebo

SGRQ Total SGRQ (Total) Score. Scale from: 0 to 100. Lower score indicates better quality of life. · Adults with COPD

1 finding from 1 review

Once daily long‐acting beta2‐agonists and long‐acting muscarinic antagonists in a combined inhaler versus placebo for… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
8 studies · 4952 participants
High

LABA/LAMA vs placebo

FEV1 · Adults with COPD

1 finding from 1 review

Once daily long‐acting beta2‐agonists and long‐acting muscarinic antagonists in a combined inhaler versus placebo for… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
13 studies · 6598 participants
Moderate

LABA/LAMA vs placebo

Difference vs placebo in adjusted peak FEV1 (3‐week to 6‐month · Adults with COPD

1 finding from 1 review

Once daily long‐acting beta2‐agonists and long‐acting muscarinic antagonists in a combined inhaler versus placebo for… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
7 studies · 4188 participants
Moderate

LABA/LAMA vs placebo

Adverse events (3‐week to 1‐year · Adults with COPD

Once‐daily LABA/LAMA in a combined inhaler showed no clear difference in adverse events (3‐week to 1‐year compared with placebo (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Once daily long‐acting beta2‐agonists and long‐acting muscarinic antagonists in a combined inhaler versus placebo for… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.95 [0.86, 1.04]
17 studies · 8235 participants
High

Intervention not reported

Marginal restoration discoloration (adverse event)

1 finding from 1 review

Materials for pulpotomy in immature permanent teeth: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2019 All outcomes
MTA vs CH (Ozgur 2017)
no estimate extracted
1 study
GRADE not reported

Intervention not reported

Clinical and radiographic success

1 finding from 1 review

Materials for pulpotomy in immature permanent teeth: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2019 All outcomes
MTA vs CH, 18 and 24 months (Ozgur 2017)
no estimate extracted
1 study
GRADE not reported

Intervention not reported

Overall failure

1 finding from 1 review

Pulpotomy versus pulpectomy in the treatment of vital pulp exposure in primary incisors. A systematic review and… 2018 All outcomes
no estimate extracted
2 studies
GRADE not reported

Brief intervention vs no intervention or minimal intervention

Quantity of drinking (g/week) at 12 months · people with hazardous or harmful alcohol consumption as identified by a screening tool

1 finding from 1 review

Effectiveness of brief alcohol interventions in primary care populations 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
34 studies · 15197 participants
Moderate

Extended intervention vs brief intervention

Quantity of drinking (g/week) at 12 months · people with hazardous or harmful alcohol consumption

1 finding from 1 review

Effectiveness of brief alcohol interventions in primary care populations 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 552 participants
Low

Extended intervention vs brief intervention

Frequency of binge drinking (no. binges/wk) at 12 months ‐ not measured · people with hazardous or harmful alcohol consumption

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Effectiveness of brief alcohol interventions in primary care populations 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Extended intervention vs brief intervention

Frequency of drinking (no. days drinking/week) at 12 months · people with hazardous or harmful alcohol consumption

1 finding from 1 review

Effectiveness of brief alcohol interventions in primary care populations 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 147 participants
Low