Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

3,801 questions · 4,079 findings · 473 reviews

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No studies found 669 · 16.4%GRADE not reported 852 · 20.9%Very low 738 · 18.1%Low 903 · 22.1%Moderate 716 · 17.6%High 201 · 4.9%

Mucolytic vs placebo

Days of disability per participant per month · chronic bronchitis or COPD

1 finding from 1 review

Mucolytic agents versus placebo for chronic bronchitis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
9 studies · 2259 participants
Moderate

Mucolytic vs placebo

SGRQ Total SGRQ (Total) Score. Scale from: 0 to 100. Lower score indicates better quality of life. · chronic bronchitis or COPD

1 finding from 1 review

Mucolytic agents versus placebo for chronic bronchitis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
7 studies · 2721 participants
Moderate

Mucolytic vs placebo

Hospitalisation during study period · chronic bronchitis or COPD

Mucolytic probably leads to lower hospitalisation during study period compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Mucolytic agents versus placebo for chronic bronchitis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
Peto OR 0.68 [0.52, 0.89]
5 studies · 1833 participants
Moderate

Mucolytic vs placebo

FEV₁at end of study · chronic bronchitis or COPD

1 finding from 1 review

Mucolytic agents versus placebo for chronic bronchitis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
14 studies · 3473 participants
Moderate

Mucolytic vs placebo

Adverse effects · chronic bronchitis or COPD

Mucolytic probably leads to lower adverse effects compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Mucolytic agents versus placebo for chronic bronchitis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
Peto OR 0.84 [0.74, 0.94]
24 studies · 7264 participants
Moderate

Mucolytic vs placebo

Death during study period · chronic bronchitis or COPD

Mucolytic showed no clear difference in death during study period compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Mucolytic agents versus placebo for chronic bronchitis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
Peto OR 0.98 [0.51, 1.87]
11 studies · 3527 participants
Moderate

Oxygen‐guided lung‐recruitment maneuver vs usual care

Death at hospital discharge · preterm infants < 37 weeks' gestational age requiring conventional mechanical ventilation for respiratory distress syndrome

Oxygen‐guided lung‐recruitment maneuver showed no clear difference in mortality by hospital discharge compared with routine care (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Positive end‐expiratory pressure for preterm infants requiring conventional mechanical ventilation for respiratory… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1 [0.17, 5.77]
2 studies · 44 participants
Low

Oxygen‐guided lung‐recruitment maneuver vs usual care

Duration of invasive ventilatory support · preterm infants < 37 weeks' gestational age requiring conventional mechanical ventilation for respiratory distress syndrome

1 finding from 1 review

Positive end‐expiratory pressure for preterm infants requiring conventional mechanical ventilation for respiratory… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 44 participants
Low

NIPPV vs no NIPPV

Rate of intubation · Patients with lung cancer

NIPPV showed no clear difference in rate of intubation compared with no NIPPV (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐invasive positive pressure ventilation for prevention of complications after pulmonary resection in lung cancer… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.55 [0.25, 1.2]
2 studies · 69 participants
Moderate

NIPPV vs no NIPPV

All‐cause mortality · Patients with lung cancer

NIPPV showed no clear difference in mortality compared with no NIPPV (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐invasive positive pressure ventilation for prevention of complications after pulmonary resection in lung cancer… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.6 [0.24, 1.53]
4 studies · 151 participants
Moderate

NIPPV vs no NIPPV

Length of critical care stay (hours) · Patients with lung cancer

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐invasive positive pressure ventilation for prevention of complications after pulmonary resection in lung cancer… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 69 participants
Low

NIPPV vs no NIPPV

Length of hospital stay · Patients with lung cancer

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐invasive positive pressure ventilation for prevention of complications after pulmonary resection in lung cancer… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 101 participants
Very low

Maize flour or maize flour products fortified with folic acid alone vs no intervention

Erythrocyte concentrations · health outcomes

1 finding from 1 review

Fortification of wheat and maize flour with folic acid for population health outcomes 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 38 participants
Very low

Wheat flour or wheat flour products fortified with folic acid plus other vitamins and minerals vs unfortified wheat flours or wheat flour products (not containing folic acid nor any other vitamins and minerals)

Spina bifida · health: non‐randomised studies

It is very uncertain whether wheat flour or wheat flour products fortified with folic acid plus… changes spina bifida compared with unfortified wheat flours or wheat flour products (not containing… (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fortification of wheat and maize flour with folic acid for population health outcomes 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.29 [0.16, 0.56]
8037 participants
Very low

Wheat flour or wheat flour products fortified with folic acid plus other vitamins and minerals vs unfortified wheat flours or wheat flour products (not containing folic acid nor any other vitamins and minerals)

Encephalocoele · health: non‐randomised studies

It is very uncertain whether wheat flour or wheat flour products fortified with folic acid plus… changes encephalocoele compared with unfortified wheat flours or wheat flour products (not containing… (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fortification of wheat and maize flour with folic acid for population health outcomes 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.26 [0.13, 0.56]
8037 participants
Very low

Wheat flour or wheat flour products fortified with folic acid plus other vitamins and minerals vs unfortified wheat flours or wheat flour products (not containing folic acid nor any other vitamins and minerals)

Fatal anencephaly · health: non‐randomised studies

It is very uncertain whether wheat flour or wheat flour products fortified with folic acid plus… changes fatal anencephaly compared with unfortified wheat flours or wheat flour products (not containing… (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fortification of wheat and maize flour with folic acid for population health outcomes 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.47 [0.21, 1.07]
8037 participants
Very low

Wheat flour or wheat flour products fortified with folic acid plus other vitamins and minerals vs unfortified wheat flours or wheat flour products (not containing folic acid nor any other vitamins and minerals)

Folate concentration Serum folate levels, measured between 6 and 12 months after entry to the study · health: non‐randomised studies

1 finding from 1 review

Fortification of wheat and maize flour with folic acid for population health outcomes 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
657 participants
Very low

Wheat flour or wheat flour products fortified with folic acid plus other vitamins and minerals vs unfortified wheat flours or wheat flour products (not containing folic acid nor any other vitamins and minerals)

Anaemia · health: non‐randomised studies

It is very uncertain whether wheat flour or wheat flour products fortified with folic acid plus… changes anaemia compared with unfortified wheat flours or wheat flour products (not containing… (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fortification of wheat and maize flour with folic acid for population health outcomes 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.87 [0.68, 1.11]
657 participants
Very low

Maize flour or maize flour products fortified with folic acid alone vs no intervention

Folate concentration Serum folate levels, measured between 6 and 12 months after entry to the study · health outcomes

1 finding from 1 review

Fortification of wheat and maize flour with folic acid for population health outcomes 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 38 participants
Very low

Maize flour or maize flour products fortified with folic acid plus other vitamins and minerals vs unfortified maize flours or maize flour products

Erythrocyte folate concentrations (nmol/L) · health outcomes

1 finding from 1 review

Fortification of wheat and maize flour with folic acid for population health outcomes 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 35 participants
Very low