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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.

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Review versions

2,589 questions in 168 reviews · Schizophrenia

current versions

No studies 601 · 23.2%Ungraded 446 · 17.2%Very low 721 · 27.8%Low 505 · 19.5%Moderate 274 · 10.6%High 42 · 1.6%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

Question	Effect	Evidence	Status / GRADE
COMMUNITY TREATMENT ORDERS vs SUPERVISED DISCHARGE (SECTION 17) Health service outcomes: 1. Readmission to hospital by 12 months · people with severe mental disorders Compulsory community and involuntary outpatient treatment for people with severe mental disorders (2017) · Cochrane	RR 0.99 [0.74, 1.32]	1 study · 333 participants	Moderate
COMMUNITY TREATMENT ORDERS vs SUPERVISED DISCHARGE (SECTION 17) Health service outcomes: 2. Hospital bed‐days by 12 months · people with severe mental disorders Compulsory community and involuntary outpatient treatment for people with severe mental disorders (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 333 participants	Moderate
Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride vs placebo Global state: Average endpoint global state score (clinically improved) (no data) · people with schizophrenia Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride vs chlorpromazine Death: Suicide and natural causes (no data) · schizophrenia Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride vs chlorpromazine Service outcomes: duration of stay in hospital (no data) · schizophrenia Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride vs chlorpromazine Mental state: Average endpoint general mental state score (clinically improved) (BPRS, high score = 34.2) · schizophrenia Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	3 studies · 221 participants	Low
Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride vs chlorpromazine Leaving the study early (any reason) · schizophrenia Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane	RR 0.54 [0.36, 0.81]	6 studies · 766 participants	Low
Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride vs chlorpromazine General functioning: Average endpoint general functioning score (clinically improved) (no data) · schizophrenia Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride vs chlorprothixene Global state: Average endpoint global state score (clinically improved) (no data) · schizophrenia Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride vs chlorprothixene Adverse effects: Clinically important general adverse effect (no data) · schizophrenia Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride vs chlorprothixene Death: Suicide and natural causes (no data) · schizophrenia Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride vs chlorprothixene Service outcomes: duration of stay in hospital (no data) · schizophrenia Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride vs chlorprothixene Mental state: Average endpoint general mental state score (clinically improved) (no data) · schizophrenia Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride vs placebo Adverse effects: Clinically important general adverse effect (extrapyramidal effects ‐ UKU side effect rating scale) · people with schizophrenia Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane	RR 6.07 [0.86, 43.04]	1 study · 28 participants	Very low
Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride vs chlorprothixene Leaving the study early (any reason) · schizophrenia Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane	RR 1 [0.34, 2.93]	1 study · 20 participants	Very low
Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride vs chlorprothixene General functioning: Average endpoint general functioning score (clinically improved) (no data) · schizophrenia Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride vs clozapine Global state: Average endpoint global state score (clinically improved) (no data) · schizophrenia Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride vs clozapine Adverse effects: Clinically important general adverse effect (no data) · schizophrenia Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride vs clozapine Death: Suicide and natural causes (no data) · schizophrenia Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride vs clozapine Service outcomes: duration of stay in hospital (no data) · schizophrenia Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride vs clozapine Mental state: Average endpoint general mental state score (clinically improved) (no data) · schizophrenia Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride vs clozapine Leaving the study early (any reason) · schizophrenia Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 407 participants	Low
Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride vs clozapine General functioning: Average endpoint general functioning score (clinically improved) (no data) · schizophrenia Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride vs haloperidol Global state: Average endpoint global state score (clinically improved) (CGI, mean score = 1.25) · schizophrenia Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 49 participants	Very low
Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride vs placebo Death: Suicide and natural causes (no data) · people with schizophrenia Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride vs haloperidol Adverse effects: Clinically important general adverse effect (no data) · schizophrenia Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride vs haloperidol Death: Suicide and natural causes (no data) · schizophrenia Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride vs haloperidol Service outcomes: duration of stay in hospital (no data) · schizophrenia Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride vs haloperidol Mental state: Average endpoint general mental state score (clinically improved) (no data) · schizophrenia Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride vs haloperidol Leaving the study early (any reason) · schizophrenia Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane	RR 0.99 [0.72, 1.35]	2 studies · 141 participants	Very low
Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride vs haloperidol General functioning: Average endpoint general functioning score (clinically improved) (no data) · schizophrenia Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride vs perphenazine Global state: Average endpoint global state score (clinically improved) (no data) · schizophrenia Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride vs perphenazine Adverse effects: Clinically important general adverse effect (EPSEs requiring medication ‐ medium term) · schizophrenia Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane	RR 1.9 [1.12, 3.22]	1 study · 50 participants	Very low
Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride vs perphenazine Death: Suicide and natural causes (no data) · schizophrenia Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride vs perphenazine Service outcomes: duration of stay in hospital (no data) · schizophrenia Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride vs placebo Service outcomes: Duration of stay in hospital (no data) · people with schizophrenia Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride vs perphenazine Mental state: Average endpoint general mental state score (clinically improved) (no data) · schizophrenia Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride vs perphenazine Leaving the study early (any reason, short and medium term) · schizophrenia Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane	RR 0.63 [0.27, 1.47]	2 studies · 104 participants	Very low
Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride vs perphenazine General functioning: Average endpoint general functioning score (clinically improved) (no data) · schizophrenia Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride vs risperidone Global state: Average endpoint global state score (clinically improved) (no data) · schizophrenia Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride vs risperidone Adverse effects: Clinically important general adverse effect ‐ short term (EPSEs requiring medication) · schizophrenia Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane	RR 1.92 [1.12, 3.28]	1 study · 98 participants	Very low
Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride vs risperidone Death: Suicide and natural causes (no data) · schizophrenia Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride vs risperidone Service outcomes: duration of stay in hospital (no data) · schizophrenia Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride vs risperidone Mental state: Average endpoint general mental state score (clinically improved) (PANSS, average score = 20.5) ‐ medium term · schizophrenia Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 25 participants	Very low
Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride vs risperidone Leaving the study early (any reason, short and medium term) · schizophrenia Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane	RR 1.3 [0.84, 2.02]	3 studies · 154 participants	Very low
Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride vs risperidone General functioning: Average endpoint general functioning score (clinically improved) (no data) · schizophrenia Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride vs placebo Mental state: Average endpoint general mental state score (clinically improved) (no data) · people with schizophrenia Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride vs sulpiride Global state: Average endpoint global state score (clinically improved) (CGI ‐ unchanged/worse) · schizophrenia Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane	RR 1.18 [0.49, 2.85]	1 study · 61 participants	Very low
Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride vs sulpiride Adverse effects: Clinically important general adverse effect ‐ requiring hypnotics/sedatives · schizophrenia Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane	RR 0.6 [0.27, 1.32]	1 study · 61 participants	Very low
Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride vs sulpiride Death: Suicide and natural causes (no data) · schizophrenia Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded