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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,852 questions in 128 reviews · Effective Practice and Organisation of Care
current versionsNo studies 557 · 30.1%Ungraded 53 · 2.9%Very low 446 · 24.1%Low 476 · 25.7%Moderate 255 · 13.8%High 65 · 3.5%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
General health checks vs usual care Fatal and non‐fatal ischaemic heart disease · general adult populations (geriatric trials not included) General health checks in adults for reducing morbidity and mortality from disease (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.98 [0.94, 1.03] | 4 studies · 164881 participants | High |
General health checks vs usual care Fatal and non‐fatal stroke · general adult populations (geriatric trials not included) General health checks in adults for reducing morbidity and mortality from disease (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.05 [0.95, 1.17] | 3 studies · 107421 participants | Moderate |
Premier Hospital Quality Incentive Demonstration vs capitation without P4P Mortality · Hospitals Pay for performance for hospitals (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Value‐Based Purchasing vs capitation without P4P Resource use · Hospitals Pay for performance for hospitals (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Non‐payment for Hospital‐Acquired Conditions Program vs capitation without P4P Mortality · Hospitals Pay for performance for hospitals (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Non‐payment for Hospital‐Acquired Conditions Program vs capitation without P4P Adverse clinical events* · Hospitals Pay for performance for hospitals (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Non‐payment for Hospital‐Acquired Conditions Program vs capitation without P4P Quality of care · Hospitals Pay for performance for hospitals (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Non‐payment for Hospital‐Acquired Conditions Program vs capitation without P4P Equity · Hospitals Pay for performance for hospitals (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Non‐payment for Hospital‐Acquired Conditions Program vs capitation without P4P Resource use · Hospitals Pay for performance for hospitals (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program vs capitation without P4P Mortality · Hospitals Pay for performance for hospitals (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program vs capitation without P4P Adverse clinical events · Hospitals Pay for performance for hospitals (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program vs capitation without P4P Qualityof care · Hospitals Pay for performance for hospitals (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program vs capitation without P4P Equity · Hospitals Pay for performance for hospitals (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Premier Hospital Quality Incentive Demonstration vs capitation without P4P Adverse clinical events · Hospitals Pay for performance for hospitals (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program vs capitation without P4P Resource use · Hospitals Pay for performance for hospitals (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Advancing Quality Program vs capitation without P4P Mortality · Hospitals Pay for performance for hospitals (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Advancing Quality Program vs capitation without P4P Adverse clinical events · Hospitals Pay for performance for hospitals (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Advancing Quality Program vs capitation without P4P Quality of care · Hospitals Pay for performance for hospitals (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Advancing Quality Program vs capitation without P4P Equity · Hospitals Pay for performance for hospitals (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Advancing Quality Program vs capitation without P4P Resource use · Hospitals Pay for performance for hospitals (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Financial Incentive to Quality Improvement vs capitation without P4P Mortality · Hospitals Pay for performance for hospitals (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Financial Incentive to Quality Improvement vs capitation without P4P Adverse clinical events · Hospitals Pay for performance for hospitals (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Financial Incentive to Quality Improvement vs capitation without P4P Quality of care (process quality score) · Hospitals Pay for performance for hospitals (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Financial Incentive to Quality Improvement vs capitation without P4P Equity · Hospitals Pay for performance for hospitals (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Premier Hospital Quality Incentive Demonstration vs capitation without P4P Quality of care (process quality score) · Hospitals Pay for performance for hospitals (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Financial Incentive to Quality Improvement vs capitation without P4P Resource use · Hospitals Pay for performance for hospitals (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Premier Hospital Quality Incentive Demonstration vs capitation without P4P Equity (differences between ethnic groups in access to recommended care) · Hospitals Pay for performance for hospitals (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Premier Hospital Quality Incentive Demonstration vs capitation without P4P Resource use (mean costs per admission) · Hospitals Pay for performance for hospitals (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Value‐Based Purchasing vs capitation without P4P Mortality · Hospitals Pay for performance for hospitals (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Value‐Based Purchasing vs capitation without P4P Adverse clinical events · Hospitals Pay for performance for hospitals (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Value‐Based Purchasing vs capitation without P4P Quality of care (process quality score) · Hospitals Pay for performance for hospitals (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Value‐Based Purchasing vs capitation without P4P Equity · Hospitals Pay for performance for hospitals (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Health‐promotion interventions within community pharmacy vs usual treatment: effects on professional practice and health outcomes Pharmacy worker behaviour1 · community pharmacy workers (examples pharmacists, counter assistants etc), community pharmacy users Community pharmacy interventions for health promotion: effects on professional practice and health outcomes (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2944 participants | Moderate |
Health‐promotion interventions within community pharmacy vs usual treatment: effects on professional practice and health outcomes Pharmacy user health‐related behaviour3 (Higher scores indicate a better outcome) · community pharmacy workers (examples pharmacists, counter assistants etc), community pharmacy users Community pharmacy interventions for health promotion: effects on professional practice and health outcomes (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2138 participants | Moderate |
Health‐promotion interventions within community pharmacy vs usual treatment: effects on professional practice and health outcomes Pharmacy user intermediate clinical outcomes e.g. cholesterol, glycated haemoglobin5 (Lower scores indicate a better outcome) · community pharmacy workers (examples pharmacists, counter assistants etc), community pharmacy users Community pharmacy interventions for health promotion: effects on professional practice and health outcomes (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3971 participants | Moderate |
Health‐promotion interventions within community pharmacy vs usual treatment: effects on professional practice and health outcomes Pharmacy user event‐based clinical outcomes e.g. stroke, myocardial infarction · community pharmacy workers (examples pharmacists, counter assistants etc), community pharmacy users Community pharmacy interventions for health promotion: effects on professional practice and health outcomes (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Health‐promotion interventions within community pharmacy vs usual treatment: effects on professional practice and health outcomes Pharmacy user quality of life6 (Higher scores indicate better quality of life) · community pharmacy workers (examples pharmacists, counter assistants etc), community pharmacy users Community pharmacy interventions for health promotion: effects on professional practice and health outcomes (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2687 participants | Moderate |
Health‐promotion interventions within community pharmacy vs usual treatment: effects on professional practice and health outcomes Adverse events · community pharmacy workers (examples pharmacists, counter assistants etc), community pharmacy users Community pharmacy interventions for health promotion: effects on professional practice and health outcomes (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Health‐promotion interventions within community pharmacy vs usual treatment: effects on professional practice and health outcomes Costs · community pharmacy workers (examples pharmacists, counter assistants etc), community pharmacy users Community pharmacy interventions for health promotion: effects on professional practice and health outcomes (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Survival to hospital discharge (1 study) · Participants: Healthcare workers delivering life‐saving emergency care in a hospital setting (obstetric/labour and… The effects of interactive training of healthcare providers on the management of life‐threatening… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 30 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Morbidity rate (3 studies) · Participants: Healthcare workers delivering life‐saving emergency care in a hospital setting (obstetric/labour and… The effects of interactive training of healthcare providers on the management of life‐threatening… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1778 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Protocol or guideline adherence (3 studies) · Participants: Healthcare workers delivering life‐saving emergency care in a hospital setting (obstetric/labour and… The effects of interactive training of healthcare providers on the management of life‐threatening… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 156 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Patient outcomes (5 studies) · Participants: Healthcare workers delivering life‐saving emergency care in a hospital setting (obstetric/labour and… The effects of interactive training of healthcare providers on the management of life‐threatening… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 951 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Clinical practice outcomes (4 studies) · Participants: Healthcare workers delivering life‐saving emergency care in a hospital setting (obstetric/labour and… The effects of interactive training of healthcare providers on the management of life‐threatening… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1417 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Organisation of care (2 studies) · Participants: Healthcare workers delivering life‐saving emergency care in a hospital setting (obstetric/labour and… The effects of interactive training of healthcare providers on the management of life‐threatening… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 634 participants | Very low |
Non‐specialist‐led vs specialist‐led follow‐up after primary cancer treatment Overall survival · adult cancer survivors from the following cancer sites: breast, colon, colorectal, endometrial, ovarian, cervical,… Follow‐up strategies following completion of primary cancer treatment in adult cancer survivors (2019) · Cochrane | HR 1.21 [0.68, 2.15] | 603 participants | Very low |
Less intensive vs more intensive follow‐up after primary cancer treatment Anxiety · adult cancer survivors from the following cancer sites: breast, colorectal, head‐and‐neck, Hodgkin lymphoma, melanoma,… Follow‐up strategies following completion of primary cancer treatment in adult cancer survivors (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 180 participants | Very low |
Less intensive vs more intensive follow‐up after primary cancer treatment Depression · adult cancer survivors from the following cancer sites: breast, colorectal, head‐and‐neck, Hodgkin lymphoma, melanoma,… Follow‐up strategies following completion of primary cancer treatment in adult cancer survivors (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Less intensive vs more intensive follow‐up after primary cancer treatment Cost · adult cancer survivors from the following cancer sites: breast, colorectal, head‐and‐neck, Hodgkin lymphoma, melanoma,… Follow‐up strategies following completion of primary cancer treatment in adult cancer survivors (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1412 participants | Very low |
Follow‐up integrating additional patient symptom education or monitoring, or survivorship care plans vs usual care Overall survival · adult cancer survivors from the following cancer sites: breast, colorectal, endometrial, ovarian and prostate cancer Follow‐up strategies following completion of primary cancer treatment in adult cancer survivors (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |