Use of therapeutic uterotonics · women undergoing vaginal birth
Direct estimation using calibrated drapes showed no clear difference in use of therapeutic uterotonics compared with indirect estimation using visual estimation (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Maternal infection · women undergoing vaginal birth
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Duration of second stage (minutes) · women in the second stage of labour
1 finding from 1 review
Admission to neonatal intensive care unit · women in the second stage of labour with epidural anaesthesia
Delayed pushing showed no clear difference in admission to neonatal intensive care compared with immediate pushing (all women with epidural) (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy · women in the second stage of labour with epidural anaesthesia
1 finding from 1 review
Apgar score less than 7 at 5 minutes · women in the second stage of labour with epidural anaesthesia
It is very uncertain whether delayed pushing changes 5‐minute Apgar score < 7 compared with immediate pushing (all women with epidural) (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Duration of pushing (minutes) · women in the second stage of labour with epidural anaesthesia
1 finding from 1 review
Spontaneous vaginal delivery · women in the second stage of labour with epidural anaesthesia
Delayed pushing probably leads to higher spontaneous vaginal delivery compared with immediate pushing (all women with epidural) (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
3rd or 4th degree tears · women in the second stage of labour
Spontaneous pushing showed no clear difference in perineal laceration (3rd or 4th degree) compared with directed pushing (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Admission to neonatal intensive care unit · women in the second stage of labour
It is very uncertain whether spontaneous pushing changes admission to neonatal intensive care compared with directed pushing (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy · women in the second stage of labour
1 finding from 1 review
Apgar score less than 7 at 5 minutes · women in the second stage of labour
It is very uncertain whether spontaneous pushing changes 5‐minute Apgar score < 7 compared with directed pushing (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Duration of pushing (minutes) · women in the second stage of labour
1 finding from 1 review
Spontaneous vaginal delivery · women in the second stage of labour
Spontaneous pushing showed no clear difference in spontaneous vaginal delivery compared with directed pushing (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Duration of second stage (minutes) · women in the second stage of labour with epidural anaesthesia
1 finding from 1 review
3rd or 4th degree tears · women in the second stage of labour with epidural anaesthesia
Delayed pushing showed no clear difference in perineal laceration (3rd or 4th degree) compared with immediate pushing (all women with epidural) (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Vaginal delivery not achieved within 24 hours · women with one previous lower segment caesarean section and requiring labour induction due to prolonged pregnancy or pre‐eclampsia,…
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Serious maternal morbidity or death · women with a previous caesarean section
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Vaginal delivery not achieved within 24 hours · pregnant women with a previous low transverse caesarean section, singleton live pregnancy with cephalic presentation, period of gestation…
Foley catheter showed no clear difference in vaginal delivery not achieved within 24 hours compared with intravenous (IV) oxytocin (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Uterine hyperstimulation with fetal heart rate changes · pregnant women with a previous low transverse caesarean section, singleton live pregnancy with cephalic presentation, period of gestation…
Foley catheter showed no clear difference in uterine hyperstimulation with fetal heart rate changes compared with intravenous (IV) oxytocin (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review