Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

4,730 questions · 18,059 findings · 1,282 reviews

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No studies found 4,360 · 24.1%GRADE not reported 2,529 · 14%Very low 4,641 · 25.7%Low 4,007 · 22.2%Moderate 2,057 · 11.4%High 465 · 2.6%

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Non‐pharmaceutical interventions vs placebo or no intervention

Miscarriage · obese women with subfertility

It is very uncertain whether non‐pharmacological intervention changes miscarriage compared with no intervention or placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological and non‐pharmacological strategies for obese women with subfertility 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.54 [0.99, 2.39]
3 studies · 917 participants
Very low

Non‐pharmaceutical interventions vs placebo or no intervention

Clinical pregnancy · obese women with subfertility

Non‐pharmacological intervention showed no clear difference in clinical pregnancy compared with no intervention or placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological and non‐pharmacological strategies for obese women with subfertility 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.06 [0.81, 1.4]
3 studies · 917 participants
Low

Non‐pharmaceutical interventions vs placebo or no intervention

Weight changeBMI change (Einarsson 2017) · obese women with subfertility

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological and non‐pharmacological strategies for obese women with subfertility 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 305 participants
Low

Non‐pharmaceutical interventions vs placebo or no intervention

Change in BMI · obese women with subfertility

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological and non‐pharmacological strategies for obese women with subfertility 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 43 participants
Very low

Non‐pharmaceutical interventions vs placebo or no intervention

Quality of life/Mental health outcome · obese women with subfertility

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological and non‐pharmacological strategies for obese women with subfertility 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Non‐pharmaceutical interventions vs non‐pharmacological intervention

Live birth · obese women with subfertility

It is very uncertain whether non‐pharmacological intervention changes live birth compared with non‐pharmacological intervention (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological and non‐pharmacological strategies for obese women with subfertility 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 11 [0.43, 284]
1 study · 11 participants
Very low

Non‐pharmaceutical interventions vs non‐pharmacological intervention

Miscarriage · obese women with subfertility

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological and non‐pharmacological strategies for obese women with subfertility 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

An intervention in which one's attention is on the experience of stress (feelings, thoughts, behavior) vs no intervention/wait list/placebo/no stress‐reduction intervention

Stress symptoms ( · healthcare workers

3 findings from 1 review

Individual‐level interventions for reducing occupational stress in healthcare workers 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
41 studies · 3645 participants
Low
Individual‐level interventions for reducing occupational stress in healthcare workers 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
19 studies · 1851 participants
Low
Individual‐level interventions for reducing occupational stress in healthcare workers 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 68 participants
Very low

Educational intervention vs usual care

Knowledge: kidney disease‐related knowledge · people with CKD

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for improving health literacy in people with chronic kidney disease 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
14 studies · 2632 participants
Low

Educational intervention vs usual care

Self‐care behaviour · people with CKD

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for improving health literacy in people with chronic kidney disease 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
60 participants
Low

Educational intervention vs usual care

Self‐efficacy · people with CKD

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for improving health literacy in people with chronic kidney disease 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 579 participants
Very low

Educational intervention vs usual care

QoL · people with CKD

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for improving health literacy in people with chronic kidney disease 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
5 studies · 573 participants
Very low

Educational intervention vs usual care

Death · people with CKD

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for improving health literacy in people with chronic kidney disease 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 908 participants
Low

Educational intervention vs usual care

eGFR · people with CKD

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for improving health literacy in people with chronic kidney disease 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 573 participants
Moderate

Educational intervention vs usual care

Duration of hospital stayTime frame: days · people with CKD

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for improving health literacy in people with chronic kidney disease 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 621 participants
Moderate

Theory-based oral health education/promotion interventions (HBM, TPB, SCT, HAPA, TTM, PMT, SOC, PRECEDE-PROCEED, MI) vs Control (waitlist, routine/standard oral health education, or minimal intervention)

Self-efficacy related to oral health · school‐age children and adolescents

Theory-based educational interventions significantly improved oral health self-efficacy (SMD 1.49; low certainty), though between-study heterogeneity was very high.

1 finding from 1 review

Health promotion theory-based educational interventions for improving oral health in children and adolescents: a… 2025 All outcomes
Post-intervention (follow-up 4 weeks to 12 months, varies by study) · School-based and community settings; multiple countries (predominantly Iran; also Pakistan, Hong Kong, Lithuania, Thailand) · Overall
SMD 1.49 [0.99, 2.00]
10 studies · 4513 participants
Low

Theory-based oral health education/promotion interventions (HBM, TPB, SCT, HAPA, TTM, PMT, SOC, PRECEDE-PROCEED, MI) vs Control (waitlist, routine/standard oral health education, or minimal intervention)

Oral health attitudes (1-7 scale) · school‐age children and adolescents

Theory-based interventions significantly improved oral health attitude (SMD 9.32; low certainty); the very large effect warrants cautious interpretation.

1 finding from 1 review

Health promotion theory-based educational interventions for improving oral health in children and adolescents: a… 2025 All outcomes
Post-intervention (follow-up immediately after to 6 months, varies by study) · School-based and community settings; multiple countries (predominantly Iran; also Pakistan, Hong Kong, Lithuania, Thailand) · Overall
SMD 9.32 [7.08, 11.55]
3 studies · 2370 participants
Low

Theory-based oral health education/promotion interventions (HBM, TPB, SCT, HAPA, TTM, PMT, SOC, PRECEDE-PROCEED, MI) vs Control (waitlist, routine/standard oral health education, or minimal intervention)

Oral health-related quality of life · school‐age children and adolescents

Theory-based interventions significantly improved oral health-related quality of life (SMD 7.38; low certainty), with very high heterogeneity.

1 finding from 1 review

Health promotion theory-based educational interventions for improving oral health in children and adolescents: a… 2025 All outcomes
Post-intervention (follow-up 0.5 to 12 months, varies by study) · School-based and community settings; multiple countries (predominantly Iran; also Pakistan, Hong Kong, Lithuania, Thailand) · Overall
SMD 7.38 [5.57, 9.19]
4 studies · 4751 participants
Low

Theory-based oral health education/promotion interventions (HBM, TPB, SCT, HAPA, TTM, PMT, SOC, PRECEDE-PROCEED, MI) vs Control (waitlist, routine/standard oral health education, or minimal intervention)

Mean DMFT (decayed, missing, filled permanent teeth) · school‐age children and adolescents

Theory-based interventions showed no significant effect on DMFT scores (SMD -0.11; low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Health promotion theory-based educational interventions for improving oral health in children and adolescents: a… 2025 All outcomes
Post-intervention (follow-up 3 to 12 months, varies by study) · School-based and community settings; multiple countries (predominantly Iran; also Pakistan, Hong Kong, Lithuania, Thailand) · Overall
SMD -0.11 [-0.27, 0.04]
4 studies · 2556 participants
Low

Theory-based oral health education/promotion interventions (HBM, TPB, SCT, HAPA, TTM, PMT, SOC, PRECEDE-PROCEED, MI) vs Control (waitlist, routine/standard oral health education, or minimal intervention)

Periodontal health status · school‐age children and adolescents

Theory-based interventions significantly improved periodontal health (SMD -1.18; moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Health promotion theory-based educational interventions for improving oral health in children and adolescents: a… 2025 All outcomes
Post-intervention (follow-up 2 weeks to 6 months, varies by study) · School-based and community settings; multiple countries (predominantly Iran; also Pakistan, Hong Kong, Lithuania, Thailand) · Overall
SMD -1.18 [-1.83, -0.53]
4 studies · 3342 participants
Moderate