Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

4,749 questions · 17,858 findings · 1,266 reviews

No studies found 4,359 · 24.4%GRADE not reported 2,348 · 13.1%Very low 4,634 · 25.9%Low 4,000 · 22.4%Moderate 2,052 · 11.5%High 465 · 2.6%

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Combinations of conservative treatments vs no treatment, sham treatment or verbal/written instruction

Perception of improvement or cure · men with urinary incontinence following prostate surgery

Combinations of conservative treatments showed no clear difference in subjective cure or improvement: patient‐reported as defined by the… compared with no treatment, sham treatment or verbal/written instruction (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Combinations of conservative treatments vs no treatment, sham treatment or verbal/written instruction

Disease‐specific quality of life · men with urinary incontinence following prostate surgery

Combinations of conservative treatments showed no clear difference in condition‐specific quality of life: using validated questionnaires,… compared with no treatment, sham treatment or verbal/written instruction (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Combinations of conservative treatments vs no treatment, sham treatment or verbal/written instruction

Objective cure or improvement: > 6 to 12 months · men with urinary incontinence following prostate surgery

Combinations of conservative treatments showed no clear difference in objective cure or improvement: > 6 to 12 months compared with no treatment, sham treatment or verbal/written instruction (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Combinations of conservative treatments vs no treatment, sham treatment or verbal/written instruction

QoL · men with urinary incontinence following prostate surgery

Combinations of conservative treatments showed no clear difference in general quality of life: > 6 to 12 months compared with no treatment, sham treatment or verbal/written instruction (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Combinations of conservative treatments vs no treatment, sham treatment or verbal/written instruction

Number of participants experiencing muscle‐related adverse events: e.g. soreness, discomfort, cramps, pain · men with urinary incontinence following prostate surgery

It is very uncertain whether combinations of conservative treatments changes number of participants experiencing muscle‐related adverse events:… compared with no treatment, sham treatment or verbal/written instruction (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) plus biofeedback vs no treatment, sham treatment or verbal/written instruction

Number of participants experiencing surface or skin‐related adverse events: e.g. skin reactions, bruising, hypersensitivity to gel · men with urinary incontinence following prostate surgery
1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ Service system approaches vs inactive control (usual care care, attention control, waitlist)

Parent relationship quality ‐ not reported · for parents who are experiencing CPTSD symptoms or have experienced maltreatment in their childhood

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ Service system approaches vs inactive control (usual care care, attention control, waitlist)

Parent–child relationship ‐ not reported · for parents who are experiencing CPTSD symptoms or have experienced maltreatment in their childhood

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Betahistine vs placebo/no treatment

Improvement in vertigo frequency · Ménière’s disease

It is very uncertain whether betahistine changes improvement in vertigo frequency compared with placebo/no treatment (very low certainty).

2 findings from 1 review