Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

4,756 questions · 13,493 findings · 1,305 reviews · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 2,594 · 19.2%GRADE not reported 728 · 5.4%Very low 2,868 · 21.3%Low 3,777 · 28%Moderate 2,620 · 19.4%High 906 · 6.7%

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Cinromide plus ASMs vs placebo plus ASMs

Seizure freedom · Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome, any age

1 finding from 1 review

Anti‐seizure medications for Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 56 participants
Very low

Cinromide plus ASMs vs placebo plus ASMs

Number of participants with ≥ 75% reduction in mean weekly seizures · Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome, any age

It is very uncertain whether cinromide plus ASMs changes number of participants with ≥ 75% reduction in mean weekly seizures compared with placebo plus ASMs (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Anti‐seizure medications for Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
Peto OR 9.35 [0.45, 194.96]
1 study · 56 participants
Very low

Cinromide plus ASMs vs placebo plus ASMs

50% or greater reduction in seizure frequency · Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome, any age

It is very uncertain whether cinromide plus ASMs changes number of participants with ≥ 50% reduction in mean weekly seizures compared with placebo plus ASMs (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Anti‐seizure medications for Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.15 [0.47, 2.86]
1 study · 56 participants
Very low

Cinromide plus ASMs vs placebo plus ASMs

Number of participants with adverse events leading to study discontinuation · Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome, any age

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Anti‐seizure medications for Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Clobazam (low, medium and high doses) plus ASMs vs placebo plus ASMs

Seizure freedom · Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome, any age

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Anti‐seizure medications for Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Summary of findings ‐ initiation of penicillin prophylaxis vs placebo

Incidence of S pneumoniae infection Isolated bacterial infection · children with SCD

Summary of findings ‐ initiation of penicillin prophylaxis may leads to lower incidence of S pneumoniae infection Isolated bacterial infection compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Prophylactic antibiotics for preventing pneumococcal infection in children with sickle cell disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.37 [0.16, 0.86]
2 studies · 457 participants
Low

Summary of findings ‐ initiation of penicillin prophylaxis vs placebo

Deaths · children with SCD

Summary of findings ‐ initiation of penicillin prophylaxis showed no clear difference in deaths compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Prophylactic antibiotics for preventing pneumococcal infection in children with sickle cell disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.11 [0.01, 2.11]
2 studies · 457 participants
Low

Summary of findings ‐ initiation of penicillin prophylaxis vs placebo

Adverse effects · children with SCD

1 finding from 1 review

Prophylactic antibiotics for preventing pneumococcal infection in children with sickle cell disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 457 participants
Low

Summary of findings ‐ initiation of penicillin prophylaxis vs placebo

Antibiotic‐resistant organisms isolated · children with SCD

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Prophylactic antibiotics for preventing pneumococcal infection in children with sickle cell disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Summary of findings ‐ initiation of penicillin prophylaxis vs placebo

Requirement of other courses of antibiotics · children with SCD

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Prophylactic antibiotics for preventing pneumococcal infection in children with sickle cell disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Summary of findings ‐ initiation of penicillin prophylaxis vs placebo

Compliance with treatment · children with SCD

1 finding from 1 review

Prophylactic antibiotics for preventing pneumococcal infection in children with sickle cell disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 215 participants
Low

Antibiotics vs placebo or no intervention

All‐cause mortality maximum · patients with coronary heart disease

Antibiotics showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality at maximum compared with placebo or no intervention (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotics for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.06 [0.99, 1.13]
20 studies · 25774 participants
High

Antibiotics vs placebo or no intervention

Quality of life at 24±6 months · patients with coronary heart disease

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotics for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Antibiotics vs placebo or no intervention

Cardiovascular mortality · patients with coronary heart disease

Antibiotics leads to higher cardiovascular mortality at 24±6 months compared with placebo or no intervention (high certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Antibiotics for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.5 [1.17, 1.91]
5 studies · 9044 participants
High
Antibiotics for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.11 [0.98, 1.25]
2 studies · 4674 participants
Moderate

Antibiotics vs placebo or no intervention

Myocardial infarction · patients with coronary heart disease

Antibiotics showed no clear difference in myocardial infarction at 24±6 months compared with placebo or no intervention (moderate certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Antibiotics for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.95 [0.82, 1.11]
5 studies · 9457 participants
Moderate
Antibiotics for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.95 [0.88, 1.03]
17 studies · 25523 participants
High

Antibiotics vs placebo or no intervention

Stroke · patients with coronary heart disease

Antibiotics showed no clear difference in stroke at 24±6 months compared with placebo or no intervention (high certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Antibiotics for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.17 [0.9, 1.52]
5 studies · 9457 participants
High
Antibiotics for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.14 [1, 1.29]
9 studies · 14774 participants
High

Antibiotics vs placebo or no intervention

Sudden cardiac death · patients with coronary heart disease

Antibiotics probably leads to higher sudden cardiac death at 24±6 months compared with placebo or no intervention (moderate certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Antibiotics for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.77 [1.28, 2.44]
2 studies · 4520 participants
Moderate
Antibiotics for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.08 [0.9, 1.31]
2 studies · 4520 participants
Moderate

Antibiotics vs placebo or no intervention

Serious adverse events maximum · patients with coronary heart disease

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotics for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Antibiotics vs placebo or no intervention

Quality of life at maximum · patients with coronary heart disease

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotics for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Antibiotics vs placebo or no intervention

All‐cause mortality at 24±6 months · patients with coronary heart disease

Antibiotics leads to higher all‐cause mortality at 24±6 months compared with placebo or no intervention (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotics for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.25 [1.06, 1.48]
6 studies · 9517 participants
High