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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,589 questions in 168 reviews · Schizophrenia
current versionsNo studies 601 · 23.2%Ungraded 446 · 17.2%Very low 721 · 27.8%Low 505 · 19.5%Moderate 274 · 10.6%High 42 · 1.6%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Benzodiazepines + antipsychotics vs same enzodiazepines Economic outcomes: cost‐effectiveness · people with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation Benzodiazepines for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Benzodiazepines + antipsychotics vs same antipsychotics Tranquillisation or asleep: sedation ‐ medium term ‐ +/vs haloperidol Number of participants sedated · people with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation Benzodiazepines for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.75 [1.14, 2.67] | 3 studies · 172 participants | Very low |
Benzodiazepines + antipsychotics vs same antipsychotics Global state: no improvement ‐ +/vs haloperidol ‐ medium term As defined in each study · people with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation Benzodiazepines for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.17 [0.93, 1.46] | 4 studies · 185 participants | Low |
Benzodiazepines vs placebo Global state: need for additional medication ‐ medium termNumber of participants requiring additional medication · people with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation Benzodiazepines for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.69, 1.44] | 1 study · 102 participants | Very low |
Benzodiazepines + antipsychotics vs same antipsychotics Global state: need for additional medication Number of participants requiring additional medication · people with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation Benzodiazepines for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 67 participants | Low |
Benzodiazepines + antipsychotics vs same antipsychotics Adverse effects/events: extrapyramidal symptoms ‐ +/vs haloperidol ‐ medium term Number of instances of extrapyramidal symptoms · people with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation Benzodiazepines for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.44 [0.16, 1.17] | 2 studies · 127 participants | Low |
Benzodiazepines + antipsychotics vs same antipsychotics Satisfaction with treatment: from the perspective of consumer, family and informal carers or professionals/carers at any point during the acute management stage · people with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation Benzodiazepines for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Benzodiazepines + antipsychotics vs same antipsychotics Economic outcomes: cost‐effectiveness · people with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation Benzodiazepines for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Benzodiazepines plus antipsychotics vs antipsychotics plus antipsychotics Tranquillisation or asleep: sedation ‐ medium term · people with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation Benzodiazepines for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Benzodiazepines plus antipsychotics vs antipsychotics plus antipsychotics Global state: no improvement ‐ medium term · people with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation Benzodiazepines for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Benzodiazepines plus antipsychotics vs antipsychotics plus antipsychotics Global state: need for additional medication ‐ medium term · people with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation Benzodiazepines for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Benzodiazepines plus antipsychotics vs antipsychotics plus antipsychotics Adverse effects/events: extrapyramidal symptoms ‐ medium term · people with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation Benzodiazepines for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Benzodiazepines plus antipsychotics vs antipsychotics plus antipsychotics Satisfaction with treatment: from the perspective of consumer, family and informal carers or professionals/carers at any point during the acute management stage · people with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation Benzodiazepines for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Benzodiazepines plus antipsychotics vs antipsychotics plus antipsychotics Economic outcomes: cost‐effectiveness · people with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation Benzodiazepines for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Benzodiazepines vs placebo Adverse effects/events: extrapyramidal symptoms ‐ medium termNumber of instances of extrapyramidal symptoms · people with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation Benzodiazepines for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.33 [0.04, 3.1] | 1 study · 102 participants | Very low |
Benzodiazepines plus antipsychotics vs antihistamines plus antipsychotics Tranquillisation or asleep: sedation ‐ medium termNumber of participants sedated · people with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation Benzodiazepines for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (2017) · Cochrane | RR 12 [1.66, 86.59] | 1 study · 60 participants | Very low |
Benzodiazepines plus antipsychotics vs antihistamines plus antipsychotics Global state: no improvement ‐ medium termAs defined in each study · people with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation Benzodiazepines for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (2017) · Cochrane | RR 25 [1.55, 403.99] | 1 study · 60 participants | Very low |
Benzodiazepines plus antipsychotics vs antihistamines plus antipsychotics Global state: need for additional medication ‐ medium termNumber of participants requiring additional medication · people with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation Benzodiazepines for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 60 participants | Very low |
Benzodiazepines plus antipsychotics vs antihistamines plus antipsychotics Adverse effects/events: extrapyramidal symptoms ‐ medium termNumber of instances of extrapyramidal symptoms · people with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation Benzodiazepines for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.6 [0.16, 2.29] | 1 study · 60 participants | Very low |
Benzodiazepines plus antipsychotics vs antihistamines plus antipsychotics Satisfaction with treatment: from the perspective of consumer, family and informal carers or professionals/carers at any point during the acute management stage · people with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation Benzodiazepines for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Benzodiazepines plus antipsychotics vs antihistamines plus antipsychotics Economic outcomes: cost‐effectiveness · people with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation Benzodiazepines for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Benzodiazepines vs placebo Satisfaction with treatment: from the perspective of consumer, family and informal carers or professionals/carers at any point during the acute management stage · people with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation Benzodiazepines for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Benzodiazepines vs placebo Economic outcomes: cost‐effectiveness ‐ clinically important · people with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation Benzodiazepines for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Benzodiazepines vs antipsychotics Tranquillisation or asleep: sedation ‐ medium term vs haloperidol Number of participants sedated · people with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation Benzodiazepines for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.13 [0.83, 1.54] | 8 studies · 434 participants | Low |
Benzodiazepines vs antipsychotics Global state: no improvement ‐ vs haloperidol ‐ medium term As defined in each study · people with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation Benzodiazepines for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.89 [0.71, 1.11] | 5 studies · 188 participants | Low |
Benzodiazepines vs antipsychotics Global state: no improvement ‐ vs olanzapine ‐ medium term As defined in each study · people with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation Benzodiazepines for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.84 [1.06, 3.18] | 1 study · 150 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Global state: No clinically important overall improvement (as rated by individual trials) ‐ medium term ( · People with schizophrenia and schizophrenia‐like disorders Music therapy for people with schizophrenia and schizophrenia‐like disorders (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.38 [0.24, 0.59] | 2 studies · 133 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Mental state: specific ‐ negative symptoms ‐ average endpoint score (SANS, high score = poor) medium term ( · People with schizophrenia and schizophrenia‐like disorders Music therapy for people with schizophrenia and schizophrenia‐like disorders (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 177 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Mental state: general ‐ average endpoint score (PANSS, high score = poor) ‐ medium term, ( · People with schizophrenia and schizophrenia‐like disorders Music therapy for people with schizophrenia and schizophrenia‐like disorders (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 159 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Mental state: General ‐ average endpoint score (BPRS, high score = poor) ‐ medium term ( · People with schizophrenia and schizophrenia‐like disorders Music therapy for people with schizophrenia and schizophrenia‐like disorders (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 70 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Functioning: general ‐ average endpoint score (GAF, high score = good) medium term ( · People with schizophrenia and schizophrenia‐like disorders Music therapy for people with schizophrenia and schizophrenia‐like disorders (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 118 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Functioning: social ‐ average endpoint score (SDSS, high score = poor) medium term, ( · People with schizophrenia and schizophrenia‐like disorders Music therapy for people with schizophrenia and schizophrenia‐like disorders (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 160 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Quality of life: general ‐ average endpoint score (GWB, high score = good) ‐ short term ( · People with schizophrenia and schizophrenia‐like disorders Music therapy for people with schizophrenia and schizophrenia‐like disorders (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 72 participants | Moderate |
COURT ORDERED OUTPATIENT COMMITMENT vs ENTIRELY VOLUNTARY CARE Health service outcomes: 1. Readmission to hospital by 11 to 12 months · people with severe mental disorders Compulsory community and involuntary outpatient treatment for people with severe mental disorders (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.98 [0.79, 1.21] | 2 studies · 416 participants | Low |
COMMUNITY TREATMENT ORDERS vs SUPERVISED DISCHARGE (SECTION 17) Health service outcomes: 3. Number of readmissions by 12 months · people with severe mental disorders Compulsory community and involuntary outpatient treatment for people with severe mental disorders (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 119 participants | Moderate |
COMMUNITY TREATMENT ORDERS vs SUPERVISED DISCHARGE (SECTION 17) Health service outcomes: 4. Number with multiple readmissions by 12 months · people with severe mental disorders Compulsory community and involuntary outpatient treatment for people with severe mental disorders (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.56 [0.27, 1.17] | 1 study · 333 participants | Moderate |
COMMUNITY TREATMENT ORDERS vs SUPERVISED DISCHARGE (SECTION 17) Health service outcomes: 5. Days in community to first admission by 12 months · people with severe mental disorders Compulsory community and involuntary outpatient treatment for people with severe mental disorders (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 333 participants | Moderate |
COMMUNITY TREATMENT ORDERS vs SUPERVISED DISCHARGE (SECTION 17) Participant level outcomes: 1. Mental state ‐ psychiatric symptoms at 12 months (BPRS) · people with severe mental disorders Compulsory community and involuntary outpatient treatment for people with severe mental disorders (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 234 participants | Moderate |
COMMUNITY TREATMENT ORDERS vs SUPERVISED DISCHARGE (SECTION 17) Participant level outcomes: 3. Satisfaction with care: perceived coercion at 11 ‐ 12 months · people with severe mental disorders Compulsory community and involuntary outpatient treatment for people with severe mental disorders (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 182 participants | Moderate |
COMPULSORY COMMUNITY TREATMENT vs STANDARD CARE Health service outcomes: 1. Readmission to hospital by 11 to 12 months · people with severe mental disorders Compulsory community and involuntary outpatient treatment for people with severe mental disorders (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.98 [0.83, 1.17] | 3 studies · 749 participants | Moderate |
COMPULSORY COMMUNITY TREATMENT vs STANDARD CARE Health service outcomes: 2. Hospital bed‐days · people with severe mental disorders Compulsory community and involuntary outpatient treatment for people with severe mental disorders (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 597 participants | Moderate |
COMPULSORY COMMUNITY TREATMENT vs STANDARD CARE Health service outcomes: 3. Number with multiple readmissions by 12 months · people with severe mental disorders Compulsory community and involuntary outpatient treatment for people with severe mental disorders (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.6, 1.66] | 2 studies · 485 participants | Moderate |
COMPULSORY COMMUNITY TREATMENT vs STANDARD CARE Participant level outcomes: 1. Global state: GAF at 12 months · people with severe mental disorders Compulsory community and involuntary outpatient treatment for people with severe mental disorders (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 335 participants | Moderate |
COMPULSORY COMMUNITY TREATMENT vs STANDARD CARE Participant level outcomes: 2. Satisfaction with care: perceived coercion or leverage at 11 to 12 months · people with severe mental disorders Compulsory community and involuntary outpatient treatment for people with severe mental disorders (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.3 [0.98, 1.71] | 3 studies · 645 participants | Moderate |
COURT ORDERED OUTPATIENT COMMITMENT vs ENTIRELY VOLUNTARY CARE Health service outcomes: 4. Compliance with medication by 11 to 12 months · people with severe mental disorders Compulsory community and involuntary outpatient treatment for people with severe mental disorders (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.99 [0.83, 1.19] | 2 studies · 416 participants | Low |
COURT ORDERED OUTPATIENT COMMITMENT vs ENTIRELY VOLUNTARY CARE Participant level outcomes: 2. Social functioning: trouble with police by 11 to 12 months, at least 1 arrest · people with severe mental disorders Compulsory community and involuntary outpatient treatment for people with severe mental disorders (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.97 [0.62, 1.52] | 2 studies · 416 participants | Low |
COURT ORDERED OUTPATIENT COMMITMENT vs ENTIRELY VOLUNTARY CARE Participant level outcomes: 2. Social functioning: trouble with police by 11 to 12 months, ever arrested/picked up by police for violence against a person · people with severe mental disorders Compulsory community and involuntary outpatient treatment for people with severe mental disorders (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.82 [0.56, 1.21] | 2 studies · 416 participants | Low |
COURT ORDERED OUTPATIENT COMMITMENT vs ENTIRELY VOLUNTARY CARE Participant level outcomes: 3. Social functioning: homeless by 11 to 12 months · people with severe mental disorders Compulsory community and involuntary outpatient treatment for people with severe mental disorders (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.67 [0.39, 1.15] | 2 studies · 416 participants | Low |
COURT ORDERED OUTPATIENT COMMITMENT vs ENTIRELY VOLUNTARY CARE Participant level outcomes: 5. Quality of life: victimisation by 11 to 12 months · people with severe mental disorders Compulsory community and involuntary outpatient treatment for people with severe mental disorders (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.5 [0.31, 0.8] | 1 study · 264 participants | Low |
COURT ORDERED OUTPATIENT COMMITMENT vs ENTIRELY VOLUNTARY CARE Participant level outcomes: 6. Satisfaction with care/adverse events: perceived coercion by 11 to 12 months · people with severe mental disorders Compulsory community and involuntary outpatient treatment for people with severe mental disorders (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.36 [0.97, 1.89] | 2 studies · 416 participants | Low |