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Search review questions

Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.

Limit to evidence status or GRADE (optional)

2,589 questions in 168 reviews · Schizophrenia

current versions
No studies 601 · 23.2%Ungraded 446 · 17.2%Very low 721 · 27.8%Low 505 · 19.5%Moderate 274 · 10.6%High 42 · 1.6%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

QuestionEffectEvidenceStatus / GRADE
Benzodiazepines + antipsychotics vs same enzodiazepines
Economic outcomes: cost‐effectiveness · people with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation
Benzodiazepines for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (2017) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted0 studies · 0 participantsUngraded
Benzodiazepines + antipsychotics vs same antipsychotics
Tranquillisation or asleep: sedation ‐ medium term ‐ +/vs haloperidol Number of participants sedated · people with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation
Benzodiazepines for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (2017) · Cochrane
RR 1.75 [1.14, 2.67]3 studies · 172 participantsVery low
Benzodiazepines + antipsychotics vs same antipsychotics
Global state: no improvement ‐ +/vs haloperidol ‐ medium term As defined in each study · people with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation
Benzodiazepines for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (2017) · Cochrane
RR 1.17 [0.93, 1.46]4 studies · 185 participantsLow
Benzodiazepines vs placebo
Global state: need for additional medication ‐ medium termNumber of participants requiring additional medication · people with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation
Benzodiazepines for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (2017) · Cochrane
RR 1 [0.69, 1.44]1 study · 102 participantsVery low
Benzodiazepines + antipsychotics vs same antipsychotics
Global state: need for additional medication Number of participants requiring additional medication · people with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation
Benzodiazepines for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (2017) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 67 participantsLow
Benzodiazepines + antipsychotics vs same antipsychotics
Adverse effects/events: extrapyramidal symptoms ‐ +/vs haloperidol ‐ medium term Number of instances of extrapyramidal symptoms · people with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation
Benzodiazepines for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (2017) · Cochrane
RR 0.44 [0.16, 1.17]2 studies · 127 participantsLow
Benzodiazepines + antipsychotics vs same antipsychotics
Satisfaction with treatment: from the perspective of consumer, family and informal carers or professionals/carers at any point during the acute management stage · people with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation
Benzodiazepines for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (2017) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted0 studies · 0 participantsUngraded
Benzodiazepines + antipsychotics vs same antipsychotics
Economic outcomes: cost‐effectiveness · people with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation
Benzodiazepines for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (2017) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted0 studies · 0 participantsUngraded
Benzodiazepines plus antipsychotics vs antipsychotics plus antipsychotics
Tranquillisation or asleep: sedation ‐ medium term · people with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation
Benzodiazepines for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (2017) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted0 studies · 0 participantsUngraded
Benzodiazepines plus antipsychotics vs antipsychotics plus antipsychotics
Global state: no improvement ‐ medium term · people with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation
Benzodiazepines for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (2017) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted0 studies · 0 participantsUngraded
Benzodiazepines plus antipsychotics vs antipsychotics plus antipsychotics
Global state: need for additional medication ‐ medium term · people with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation
Benzodiazepines for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (2017) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted0 studies · 0 participantsUngraded
Benzodiazepines plus antipsychotics vs antipsychotics plus antipsychotics
Adverse effects/events: extrapyramidal symptoms ‐ medium term · people with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation
Benzodiazepines for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (2017) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted0 studies · 0 participantsUngraded
Benzodiazepines plus antipsychotics vs antipsychotics plus antipsychotics
Satisfaction with treatment: from the perspective of consumer, family and informal carers or professionals/carers at any point during the acute management stage · people with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation
Benzodiazepines for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (2017) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted0 studies · 0 participantsUngraded
Benzodiazepines plus antipsychotics vs antipsychotics plus antipsychotics
Economic outcomes: cost‐effectiveness · people with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation
Benzodiazepines for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (2017) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted0 studies · 0 participantsUngraded
Benzodiazepines vs placebo
Adverse effects/events: extrapyramidal symptoms ‐ medium termNumber of instances of extrapyramidal symptoms · people with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation
Benzodiazepines for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (2017) · Cochrane
RR 0.33 [0.04, 3.1]1 study · 102 participantsVery low
Benzodiazepines plus antipsychotics vs antihistamines plus antipsychotics
Tranquillisation or asleep: sedation ‐ medium termNumber of participants sedated · people with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation
Benzodiazepines for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (2017) · Cochrane
RR 12 [1.66, 86.59]1 study · 60 participantsVery low
Benzodiazepines plus antipsychotics vs antihistamines plus antipsychotics
Global state: no improvement ‐ medium termAs defined in each study · people with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation
Benzodiazepines for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (2017) · Cochrane
RR 25 [1.55, 403.99]1 study · 60 participantsVery low
Benzodiazepines plus antipsychotics vs antihistamines plus antipsychotics
Global state: need for additional medication ‐ medium termNumber of participants requiring additional medication · people with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation
Benzodiazepines for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (2017) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 60 participantsVery low
Benzodiazepines plus antipsychotics vs antihistamines plus antipsychotics
Adverse effects/events: extrapyramidal symptoms ‐ medium termNumber of instances of extrapyramidal symptoms · people with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation
Benzodiazepines for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (2017) · Cochrane
RR 0.6 [0.16, 2.29]1 study · 60 participantsVery low
Benzodiazepines plus antipsychotics vs antihistamines plus antipsychotics
Satisfaction with treatment: from the perspective of consumer, family and informal carers or professionals/carers at any point during the acute management stage · people with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation
Benzodiazepines for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (2017) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted0 studies · 0 participantsUngraded
Benzodiazepines plus antipsychotics vs antihistamines plus antipsychotics
Economic outcomes: cost‐effectiveness · people with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation
Benzodiazepines for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (2017) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted0 studies · 0 participantsUngraded
Benzodiazepines vs placebo
Satisfaction with treatment: from the perspective of consumer, family and informal carers or professionals/carers at any point during the acute management stage · people with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation
Benzodiazepines for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (2017) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted0 studies · 0 participantsUngraded
Benzodiazepines vs placebo
Economic outcomes: cost‐effectiveness ‐ clinically important · people with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation
Benzodiazepines for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (2017) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted0 studies · 0 participantsUngraded
Benzodiazepines vs antipsychotics
Tranquillisation or asleep: sedation ‐ medium term vs haloperidol Number of participants sedated · people with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation
Benzodiazepines for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (2017) · Cochrane
RR 1.13 [0.83, 1.54]8 studies · 434 participantsLow
Benzodiazepines vs antipsychotics
Global state: no improvement ‐ vs haloperidol ‐ medium term As defined in each study · people with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation
Benzodiazepines for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (2017) · Cochrane
RR 0.89 [0.71, 1.11]5 studies · 188 participantsLow
Benzodiazepines vs antipsychotics
Global state: no improvement ‐ vs olanzapine ‐ medium term As defined in each study · people with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation
Benzodiazepines for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (2017) · Cochrane
RR 1.84 [1.06, 3.18]1 study · 150 participantsVery low
Intervention NR
Global state: No clinically important overall improvement (as rated by individual trials) ‐ medium term ( · People with schizophrenia and schizophrenia‐like disorders
Music therapy for people with schizophrenia and schizophrenia‐like disorders (2017) · Cochrane
RR 0.38 [0.24, 0.59]2 studies · 133 participantsLow
Intervention NR
Mental state: specific ‐ negative symptoms ‐ average endpoint score (SANS, high score = poor) medium term ( · People with schizophrenia and schizophrenia‐like disorders
Music therapy for people with schizophrenia and schizophrenia‐like disorders (2017) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted3 studies · 177 participantsLow
Intervention NR
Mental state: general ‐ average endpoint score (PANSS, high score = poor) ‐ medium term, ( · People with schizophrenia and schizophrenia‐like disorders
Music therapy for people with schizophrenia and schizophrenia‐like disorders (2017) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted2 studies · 159 participantsLow
Intervention NR
Mental state: General ‐ average endpoint score (BPRS, high score = poor) ‐ medium term ( · People with schizophrenia and schizophrenia‐like disorders
Music therapy for people with schizophrenia and schizophrenia‐like disorders (2017) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 70 participantsModerate
Intervention NR
Functioning: general ‐ average endpoint score (GAF, high score = good) medium term ( · People with schizophrenia and schizophrenia‐like disorders
Music therapy for people with schizophrenia and schizophrenia‐like disorders (2017) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted2 studies · 118 participantsModerate
Intervention NR
Functioning: social ‐ average endpoint score (SDSS, high score = poor) medium term, ( · People with schizophrenia and schizophrenia‐like disorders
Music therapy for people with schizophrenia and schizophrenia‐like disorders (2017) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted2 studies · 160 participantsModerate
Intervention NR
Quality of life: general ‐ average endpoint score (GWB, high score = good) ‐ short term ( · People with schizophrenia and schizophrenia‐like disorders
Music therapy for people with schizophrenia and schizophrenia‐like disorders (2017) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 72 participantsModerate
COURT ORDERED OUTPATIENT COMMITMENT vs ENTIRELY VOLUNTARY CARE
Health service outcomes: 1. Readmission to hospital by 11 to 12 months · people with severe mental disorders
Compulsory community and involuntary outpatient treatment for people with severe mental disorders (2017) · Cochrane
RR 0.98 [0.79, 1.21]2 studies · 416 participantsLow
COMMUNITY TREATMENT ORDERS vs SUPERVISED DISCHARGE (SECTION 17)
Health service outcomes: 3. Number of readmissions by 12 months · people with severe mental disorders
Compulsory community and involuntary outpatient treatment for people with severe mental disorders (2017) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 119 participantsModerate
COMMUNITY TREATMENT ORDERS vs SUPERVISED DISCHARGE (SECTION 17)
Health service outcomes: 4. Number with multiple readmissions by 12 months · people with severe mental disorders
Compulsory community and involuntary outpatient treatment for people with severe mental disorders (2017) · Cochrane
RR 0.56 [0.27, 1.17]1 study · 333 participantsModerate
COMMUNITY TREATMENT ORDERS vs SUPERVISED DISCHARGE (SECTION 17)
Health service outcomes: 5. Days in community to first admission by 12 months · people with severe mental disorders
Compulsory community and involuntary outpatient treatment for people with severe mental disorders (2017) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 333 participantsModerate
COMMUNITY TREATMENT ORDERS vs SUPERVISED DISCHARGE (SECTION 17)
Participant level outcomes: 1. Mental state ‐ psychiatric symptoms at 12 months (BPRS) · people with severe mental disorders
Compulsory community and involuntary outpatient treatment for people with severe mental disorders (2017) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 234 participantsModerate
COMMUNITY TREATMENT ORDERS vs SUPERVISED DISCHARGE (SECTION 17)
Participant level outcomes: 3. Satisfaction with care: perceived coercion at 11 ‐ 12 months · people with severe mental disorders
Compulsory community and involuntary outpatient treatment for people with severe mental disorders (2017) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 182 participantsModerate
COMPULSORY COMMUNITY TREATMENT vs STANDARD CARE
Health service outcomes: 1. Readmission to hospital by 11 to 12 months · people with severe mental disorders
Compulsory community and involuntary outpatient treatment for people with severe mental disorders (2017) · Cochrane
RR 0.98 [0.83, 1.17]3 studies · 749 participantsModerate
COMPULSORY COMMUNITY TREATMENT vs STANDARD CARE
Health service outcomes: 2. Hospital bed‐days · people with severe mental disorders
Compulsory community and involuntary outpatient treatment for people with severe mental disorders (2017) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted2 studies · 597 participantsModerate
COMPULSORY COMMUNITY TREATMENT vs STANDARD CARE
Health service outcomes: 3. Number with multiple readmissions by 12 months · people with severe mental disorders
Compulsory community and involuntary outpatient treatment for people with severe mental disorders (2017) · Cochrane
RR 1 [0.6, 1.66]2 studies · 485 participantsModerate
COMPULSORY COMMUNITY TREATMENT vs STANDARD CARE
Participant level outcomes: 1. Global state: GAF at 12 months · people with severe mental disorders
Compulsory community and involuntary outpatient treatment for people with severe mental disorders (2017) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted2 studies · 335 participantsModerate
COMPULSORY COMMUNITY TREATMENT vs STANDARD CARE
Participant level outcomes: 2. Satisfaction with care: perceived coercion or leverage at 11 to 12 months · people with severe mental disorders
Compulsory community and involuntary outpatient treatment for people with severe mental disorders (2017) · Cochrane
RR 1.3 [0.98, 1.71]3 studies · 645 participantsModerate
COURT ORDERED OUTPATIENT COMMITMENT vs ENTIRELY VOLUNTARY CARE
Health service outcomes: 4. Compliance with medication by 11 to 12 months · people with severe mental disorders
Compulsory community and involuntary outpatient treatment for people with severe mental disorders (2017) · Cochrane
RR 0.99 [0.83, 1.19]2 studies · 416 participantsLow
COURT ORDERED OUTPATIENT COMMITMENT vs ENTIRELY VOLUNTARY CARE
Participant level outcomes: 2. Social functioning: trouble with police by 11 to 12 months, at least 1 arrest · people with severe mental disorders
Compulsory community and involuntary outpatient treatment for people with severe mental disorders (2017) · Cochrane
RR 0.97 [0.62, 1.52]2 studies · 416 participantsLow
COURT ORDERED OUTPATIENT COMMITMENT vs ENTIRELY VOLUNTARY CARE
Participant level outcomes: 2. Social functioning: trouble with police by 11 to 12 months, ever arrested/picked up by police for violence against a person · people with severe mental disorders
Compulsory community and involuntary outpatient treatment for people with severe mental disorders (2017) · Cochrane
RR 0.82 [0.56, 1.21]2 studies · 416 participantsLow
COURT ORDERED OUTPATIENT COMMITMENT vs ENTIRELY VOLUNTARY CARE
Participant level outcomes: 3. Social functioning: homeless by 11 to 12 months · people with severe mental disorders
Compulsory community and involuntary outpatient treatment for people with severe mental disorders (2017) · Cochrane
RR 0.67 [0.39, 1.15]2 studies · 416 participantsLow
COURT ORDERED OUTPATIENT COMMITMENT vs ENTIRELY VOLUNTARY CARE
Participant level outcomes: 5. Quality of life: victimisation by 11 to 12 months · people with severe mental disorders
Compulsory community and involuntary outpatient treatment for people with severe mental disorders (2017) · Cochrane
RR 0.5 [0.31, 0.8]1 study · 264 participantsLow
COURT ORDERED OUTPATIENT COMMITMENT vs ENTIRELY VOLUNTARY CARE
Participant level outcomes: 6. Satisfaction with care/adverse events: perceived coercion by 11 to 12 months · people with severe mental disorders
Compulsory community and involuntary outpatient treatment for people with severe mental disorders (2017) · Cochrane
RR 1.36 [0.97, 1.89]2 studies · 416 participantsLow