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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,751 questions in 147 reviews · Pain, Palliative and Supportive Care
current versionsNo studies 361 · 20.6%Ungraded 87 · 5%Very low 625 · 35.7%Low 367 · 21%Moderate 232 · 13.2%High 79 · 4.5%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Cranial electrotherapy stimulation (CES) vs sham Quality of life (0 to < 1 week postintervention) measured using Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire · adults with chronic pain Non‐invasive brain stimulation techniques for chronic pain (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 36 participants | Very low |
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) vs sham Pain intensity (0 to < 1 week postintervention) measured using visual analogue scales or numerical rating scales · adults with chronic pain Non‐invasive brain stimulation techniques for chronic pain (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 27 studies · 747 participants | Very low |
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) vs sham Disability (0 to < 1 week postintervention) measured using self‐reported disability/pain interference scales · adults with chronic pain Non‐invasive brain stimulation techniques for chronic pain (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 212 participants | Low |
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) vs sham Quality of life (0 to < 1 week postintervention) measured using different scales across studies · adults with chronic pain Non‐invasive brain stimulation techniques for chronic pain (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 82 participants | Low |
Serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors vs placebo Self‐reported pain relief of 50% or greater · people with fibromyalgia Serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) for fibromyalgia (2018) · Cochrane | RD 0.09 [0.07, 0.11] | 15 studies · 6918 participants | Low |
Serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors vs placebo Patient Global Impression to be much or very much improved (PGIC) · people with fibromyalgia Serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) for fibromyalgia (2018) · Cochrane | RD 0.19 [0.12, 0.26] | 6 studies · 2918 participants | Low |
Serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors vs placebo Self‐reported fatigue (20‐100 scale) Higher scores indicate higher fatigue problem levels · people with fibromyalgia Serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) for fibromyalgia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 12 studies · 6168 participants | Low |
Serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors vs placebo Self‐reported sleep problems (0‐100 scale) Higher scores indicate higher sleep problem levels · people with fibromyalgia Serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) for fibromyalgia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 4547 participants | Low |
Serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors vs placebo Self‐reported health‐related quality of life (0‐100 scale) Higher scores indicate higher burden of disease (lower quality of life) · people with fibromyalgia Serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) for fibromyalgia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 14 studies · 6861 participants | Low |
Serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors vs placebo Tolerability (withdrawal due to adverse events) · people with fibromyalgia Serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) for fibromyalgia (2018) · Cochrane | RD 0.07 [0.04, 0.1] | 15 studies · 7029 participants | Low |
Serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors vs placebo Safety (serious adverse events) · people with fibromyalgia Serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) for fibromyalgia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 13 studies · 6732 participants | Very low |
Any combination of two or more drugs vs placebo or other comparators, or both, Patient‐reported pain relief of 30% or greater · adults with fibromyalgia Combination pharmacotherapy for the treatment of fibromyalgia in adults (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Any combination of two or more drugs vs placebo or other comparators, or both, Patient‐reported pain relief of 50% or greater · adults with fibromyalgia Combination pharmacotherapy for the treatment of fibromyalgia in adults (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Any combination of two or more drugs vs placebo or other comparators, or both, Patient‐reported global impression of clinical change much or very much improved (moderate improvement) · adults with fibromyalgia Combination pharmacotherapy for the treatment of fibromyalgia in adults (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Any combination of two or more drugs vs placebo or other comparators, or both, Any pain‐related outcome indicating some improvement · adults with fibromyalgia Combination pharmacotherapy for the treatment of fibromyalgia in adults (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Any combination of two or more drugs vs placebo or other comparators, or both, Participants experiencing any adverse event · adults with fibromyalgia Combination pharmacotherapy for the treatment of fibromyalgia in adults (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Any combination of two or more drugs vs placebo or other comparators, or both, Participants experiencing any serious adverse event · adults with fibromyalgia Combination pharmacotherapy for the treatment of fibromyalgia in adults (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Any combination of two or more drugs vs placebo or other comparators, or both, Withdrawals due to adverse events · adults with fibromyalgia Combination pharmacotherapy for the treatment of fibromyalgia in adults (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Incidence of diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) (not measured) · infants aged approximately 2 to 6 months undergoing vaccination in the anterolateral thigh with a DTwP‐Hib vaccine Needle size for vaccination procedures in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Non‐severe local reaction10 · infants aged approximately 2 to 6 months undergoing vaccination in the anterolateral thigh with a DTwP‐Hib vaccine Needle size for vaccination procedures in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.64 [0.52, 0.79] | 1 study · 447 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Fever14 · infants aged approximately 2 to 6 months undergoing vaccination in the anterolateral thigh with a DTwP‐Hib vaccine Needle size for vaccination procedures in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.44 [1.01, 2.06] | 1 study · 447 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Incidence of diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) (not measured) · infants aged approximately 2 to 6 months undergoing vaccination in the anterolateral thigh with a DTwP combination… Needle size for vaccination procedures in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR 2a. Adequate immune response (seroprotection) against diphtheria (surrogate outcome) · infants aged approximately 2 to 6 months undergoing vaccination in the anterolateral thigh with a DTwP combination… Needle size for vaccination procedures in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.99, 1.01] | 1 study · 311 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR 2b. Adequate immune response (seroprotection) against tetanus (surrogate outcome) · infants aged approximately 2 to 6 months undergoing vaccination in the anterolateral thigh with a DTwP combination… Needle size for vaccination procedures in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.99, 1.01] | 1 study · 402 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR 2c. Adequate immune response (seroprotection) against pertussis (not measured) · infants aged approximately 2 to 6 months undergoing vaccination in the anterolateral thigh with a DTwP combination… Needle size for vaccination procedures in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR 2d. Adequate immune response (seroprotection) against Haemophilus influenzae type b disease (surrogate outcome) · infants aged approximately 2 to 6 months undergoing vaccination in the anterolateral thigh with a DTwP combination… Needle size for vaccination procedures in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.03 [0.96, 1.11] | 1 study · 414 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Pain: 0 to 10 on MBPS 0 = no pain; 10 = worst possible pain4 · infants aged approximately 2 to 6 months undergoing vaccination in the anterolateral thigh with a DTwP combination… Needle size for vaccination procedures in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 320 participants | Low |
Intervention NR 4a. Procedural crying (during and immediately after the vaccination procedure) · infants aged approximately 2 to 6 months undergoing vaccination in the anterolateral thigh with a DTwP combination… Needle size for vaccination procedures in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 320 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR 4b. Persistent inconsolable crying8 · infants aged approximately 2 to 6 months undergoing vaccination in the anterolateral thigh with a DTwP combination… Needle size for vaccination procedures in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.31 [0.36, 4.8] | 1 study · 459 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR 2a. Adequate immune response (seroprotection) against diphtheria (surrogate outcome) · infants aged approximately 2 to 6 months undergoing vaccination in the anterolateral thigh with a DTwP‐Hib vaccine Needle size for vaccination procedures in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.99, 1.01] | 1 study · 312 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Severe local reaction11 · infants aged approximately 2 to 6 months undergoing vaccination in the anterolateral thigh with a DTwP combination… Needle size for vaccination procedures in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 559 participants | High |
Intervention NR Non‐severe local reaction13 · infants aged approximately 2 to 6 months undergoing vaccination in the anterolateral thigh with a DTwP combination… Needle size for vaccination procedures in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.92 [0.73, 1.17] | 1 study · 459 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Fever · infants aged approximately 2 to 6 months undergoing vaccination in the anterolateral thigh with a DTwP combination… Needle size for vaccination procedures in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 561 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Incidence of diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) (not measured) · infants aged approximately 2 to 6 months undergoing vaccination in the anterolateral thigh with a DTwP‐Hib vaccine Needle size for vaccination procedures in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR 2a. Adequate immune response (seroprotection) against diphtheria (surrogate outcome) · infants aged approximately 2 to 6 months undergoing vaccination in the anterolateral thigh with a DTwP‐Hib vaccine Needle size for vaccination procedures in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.99, 1.01] | 1 study · 309 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR 2b. Adequate immune response (seroprotection) against tetanus (surrogate outcome) · infants aged approximately 2 to 6 months undergoing vaccination in the anterolateral thigh with a DTwP‐Hib vaccine Needle size for vaccination procedures in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.99, 1.01] | 1 study · 394 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR 2c. Adequate immune response (seroprotection) against pertussis (not measured) · infants aged approximately 2 to 6 months undergoing vaccination in the anterolateral thigh with a DTwP‐Hib vaccine Needle size for vaccination procedures in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR 2d. Adequate immune response (seroprotection) against Haemophilus influenzae type b disease (surrogate outcome) · infants aged approximately 2 to 6 months undergoing vaccination in the anterolateral thigh with a DTwP‐Hib vaccine Needle size for vaccination procedures in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.06 [0.97, 1.16] | 1 study · 402 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Pain (not measured) · infants aged approximately 2 to 6 months undergoing vaccination in the anterolateral thigh with a DTwP‐Hib vaccine Needle size for vaccination procedures in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR 4a. Procedural crying (during and immediately after the vaccination procedure) (not measured) · infants aged approximately 2 to 6 months undergoing vaccination in the anterolateral thigh with a DTwP‐Hib vaccine Needle size for vaccination procedures in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR 2b. Adequate immune response (seroprotection) against tetanus (surrogate outcome) · infants aged approximately 2 to 6 months undergoing vaccination in the anterolateral thigh with a DTwP‐Hib vaccine Needle size for vaccination procedures in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.99, 1.01] | 1 study · 390 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR 4b. Persistent inconsolable crying4 · infants aged approximately 2 to 6 months undergoing vaccination in the anterolateral thigh with a DTwP‐Hib vaccine Needle size for vaccination procedures in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.9 [0.35, 10.26] | 1 study · 458 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Severe local reaction8 · infants aged approximately 2 to 6 months undergoing vaccination in the anterolateral thigh with a DTwP‐Hib vaccine Needle size for vaccination procedures in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.11 [0.01, 0.83] | 1 study · 458 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Non‐severe local reaction11 · infants aged approximately 2 to 6 months undergoing vaccination in the anterolateral thigh with a DTwP‐Hib vaccine Needle size for vaccination procedures in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.69 [0.57, 0.84] | 1 study · 458 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Fever15 · infants aged approximately 2 to 6 months undergoing vaccination in the anterolateral thigh with a DTwP‐Hib vaccine Needle size for vaccination procedures in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.14 [0.78, 1.66] | 1 study · 458 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR 2c. Adequate immune response (seroprotection) against pertussis (not measured) · infants aged approximately 2 to 6 months undergoing vaccination in the anterolateral thigh with a DTwP‐Hib vaccine Needle size for vaccination procedures in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR 2d. Adequate immune response (seroprotection) against Haemophilus influenzae type b disease (surrogate outcome) · infants aged approximately 2 to 6 months undergoing vaccination in the anterolateral thigh with a DTwP‐Hib vaccine Needle size for vaccination procedures in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.1 [1.01, 1.2] | 1 study · 400 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Pain (not measured) · infants aged approximately 2 to 6 months undergoing vaccination in the anterolateral thigh with a DTwP‐Hib vaccine Needle size for vaccination procedures in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR 4a. Procedural crying (during and immediately after the vaccination procedure) (not measured) · infants aged approximately 2 to 6 months undergoing vaccination in the anterolateral thigh with a DTwP‐Hib vaccine Needle size for vaccination procedures in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR 4b. Persistent inconsolable crying4 · infants aged approximately 2 to 6 months undergoing vaccination in the anterolateral thigh with a DTwP‐Hib vaccine Needle size for vaccination procedures in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | RR 2.49 [0.49, 12.7] | 1 study · 447 participants | Very low |