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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,852 questions in 128 reviews · Effective Practice and Organisation of Care
current versionsNo studies 557 · 30.1%Ungraded 53 · 2.9%Very low 446 · 24.1%Low 476 · 25.7%Moderate 255 · 13.8%High 65 · 3.5%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Intervention NR Costs · Healthcare professionals (nurses, physicians including obstetricians) Local opinion leaders: effects on professional practice and healthcare outcomes (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Manual paper reminders vs usual care Changes in professional practice (measured as dichotomous process adherence outcomes) · Healthcare professionals (physicians, nurses and dentists) Manually‐generated reminders delivered on paper: effects on professional practice and patient outcomes (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 39 studies · 40346 participants | Moderate |
Manual paper reminders added to another QI intervention vs the same QI intervention Patient outcomes (continuous) · Healthcare professionals (physicians, nurses and dentists) Manually‐generated reminders delivered on paper: effects on professional practice and patient outcomes (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 946 participants | Moderate |
Manual paper reminders added to another QI intervention vs the same QI intervention Resource use · Healthcare professionals (physicians, nurses and dentists) Manually‐generated reminders delivered on paper: effects on professional practice and patient outcomes (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 2570 participants | Low |
Manual paper reminders added to another QI intervention vs the same QI intervention Adverse effects · Healthcare professionals (physicians, nurses and dentists) Manually‐generated reminders delivered on paper: effects on professional practice and patient outcomes (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Manual paper reminders vs other quality‐improvement (QI) interventions Changes in professional practice (measured as dichotomous process adherence outcomes) · Healthcare professionals (physicians, nurses and dentists) Manually‐generated reminders delivered on paper: effects on professional practice and patient outcomes (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 14 studies · 21274 participants | Low |
Manual paper reminders vs other quality‐improvement (QI) interventions Changes in professional practice (continuous) · Healthcare professionals (physicians, nurses and dentists) Manually‐generated reminders delivered on paper: effects on professional practice and patient outcomes (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Manual paper reminders vs other quality‐improvement (QI) interventions Patient outcomes (dichotomous) · Healthcare professionals (physicians, nurses and dentists) Manually‐generated reminders delivered on paper: effects on professional practice and patient outcomes (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 2305 participants | Very low |
Manual paper reminders vs other quality‐improvement (QI) interventions Patient outcomes (continuous) · Healthcare professionals (physicians, nurses and dentists) Manually‐generated reminders delivered on paper: effects on professional practice and patient outcomes (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Manual paper reminders vs other quality‐improvement (QI) interventions Resource use · Healthcare professionals (physicians, nurses and dentists) Manually‐generated reminders delivered on paper: effects on professional practice and patient outcomes (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 4235 participants | Low |
Manual paper reminders vs other quality‐improvement (QI) interventions Adverse effects · Healthcare professionals (physicians, nurses and dentists) Manually‐generated reminders delivered on paper: effects on professional practice and patient outcomes (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Manual paper reminders vs usual care Changes in professional practice (continuous) · Healthcare professionals (physicians, nurses and dentists) Manually‐generated reminders delivered on paper: effects on professional practice and patient outcomes (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 3263 participants | Low |
Manual paper reminders vs usual care Patient outcomes (dichotomous) · Healthcare professionals (physicians, nurses and dentists) Manually‐generated reminders delivered on paper: effects on professional practice and patient outcomes (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 8390 participants | Very low |
Manual paper reminders vs usual care Patient outcomes (continuous) · Healthcare professionals (physicians, nurses and dentists) Manually‐generated reminders delivered on paper: effects on professional practice and patient outcomes (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 1222 participants | Very low |
Manual paper reminders vs usual care Resource use · Healthcare professionals (physicians, nurses and dentists) Manually‐generated reminders delivered on paper: effects on professional practice and patient outcomes (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 2570 participants | Low |
Manual paper reminders vs usual care Adverse effects · Healthcare professionals (physicians, nurses and dentists) Manually‐generated reminders delivered on paper: effects on professional practice and patient outcomes (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Manual paper reminders added to another QI intervention vs the same QI intervention Changes in professional practice (measured as dichotomous process adherence outcomes) · Healthcare professionals (physicians, nurses and dentists) Manually‐generated reminders delivered on paper: effects on professional practice and patient outcomes (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 12 studies · 25359 participants | Low |
Manual paper reminders added to another QI intervention vs the same QI intervention Changes in professional practice (continuous) · Healthcare professionals (physicians, nurses and dentists) Manually‐generated reminders delivered on paper: effects on professional practice and patient outcomes (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 12372 participants | Moderate |
Manual paper reminders added to another QI intervention vs the same QI intervention Patient outcomes (dichotomous) · Healthcare professionals (physicians, nurses and dentists) Manually‐generated reminders delivered on paper: effects on professional practice and patient outcomes (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 1883 participants | Low |
The introduction of advanced or specialist nurses to the nursing workforce vs usual staffing Nursing‐staff turnover · medical patients and patients with cancer, asthma, diabetes, heart failure and chronic illness Hospital nurse‐staffing models and patient‐ and staff‐related outcomes (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
The introduction of nursing assistive personnel (NAP) to the hospital workforce vs usual staffing Patient readmissions · patients admitted to a cardiovascular surgery/urology/ophthalmology unit, a kidney transplant/plastic surgery unit, an… Hospital nurse‐staffing models and patient‐ and staff‐related outcomes (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
The introduction of nursing assistive personnel (NAP) to the hospital workforce vs usual staffing Patient attendances at the ED · patients admitted to a cardiovascular surgery/urology/ophthalmology unit, a kidney transplant/plastic surgery unit, an… Hospital nurse‐staffing models and patient‐ and staff‐related outcomes (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
The introduction of nursing assistive personnel (NAP) to the hospital workforce vs usual staffing Length of stay · patients admitted to a cardiovascular surgery/urology/ophthalmology unit, a kidney transplant/plastic surgery unit, an… Hospital nurse‐staffing models and patient‐ and staff‐related outcomes (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
The introduction of nursing assistive personnel (NAP) to the hospital workforce vs usual staffing Patients with pressure ulcers · patients admitted to a cardiovascular surgery/urology/ophthalmology unit, a kidney transplant/plastic surgery unit, an… Hospital nurse‐staffing models and patient‐ and staff‐related outcomes (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
The introduction of nursing assistive personnel (NAP) to the hospital workforce vs usual staffing Costs · patients admitted to a cardiovascular surgery/urology/ophthalmology unit, a kidney transplant/plastic surgery unit, an… Hospital nurse‐staffing models and patient‐ and staff‐related outcomes (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6769 participants | Very low |
Primary nursing vs usual/team/functional nursing Nursing‐staff turnover · nurses working on medical or long‐term psychiatric units Hospital nurse‐staffing models and patient‐ and staff‐related outcomes (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 464 participants | Very low |
Primary nursing vs usual/team/functional nursing Patient mortality · nurses working on medical or long‐term psychiatric units Hospital nurse‐staffing models and patient‐ and staff‐related outcomes (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Primary nursing vs usual/team/functional nursing Patient readmissions · nurses working on medical or long‐term psychiatric units Hospital nurse‐staffing models and patient‐ and staff‐related outcomes (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Primary nursing vs usual/team/functional nursing Patient attendances at the ED · nurses working on medical or long‐term psychiatric units Hospital nurse‐staffing models and patient‐ and staff‐related outcomes (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Primary nursing vs usual/team/functional nursing Length of stay · nurses working on medical or long‐term psychiatric units Hospital nurse‐staffing models and patient‐ and staff‐related outcomes (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
The introduction of advanced or specialist nurses to the nursing workforce vs usual staffing Patient mortality · medical patients and patients with cancer, asthma, diabetes, heart failure and chronic illness Hospital nurse‐staffing models and patient‐ and staff‐related outcomes (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1358 participants | Low |
Primary nursing vs usual/team/functional nursing Patients with pressure ulcers · nurses working on medical or long‐term psychiatric units Hospital nurse‐staffing models and patient‐ and staff‐related outcomes (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Primary nursing vs usual/team/functional nursing Costs · nurses working on medical or long‐term psychiatric units Hospital nurse‐staffing models and patient‐ and staff‐related outcomes (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 138 participants | Very low |
Self‐staffing vs usual staffing Nursing‐staff turnover · nurses working on acute care, intensive care or medical care units Hospital nurse‐staffing models and patient‐ and staff‐related outcomes (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 674 participants | Very low |
Self‐staffing vs usual staffing Patient mortality · nurses working on acute care, intensive care or medical care units Hospital nurse‐staffing models and patient‐ and staff‐related outcomes (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Self‐staffing vs usual staffing Patient readmissions · nurses working on acute care, intensive care or medical care units Hospital nurse‐staffing models and patient‐ and staff‐related outcomes (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Self‐staffing vs usual staffing Patient attendances at the ED · nurses working on acute care, intensive care or medical care units Hospital nurse‐staffing models and patient‐ and staff‐related outcomes (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Self‐staffing vs usual staffing Length of stay · nurses working on acute care, intensive care or medical care units Hospital nurse‐staffing models and patient‐ and staff‐related outcomes (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Self‐staffing vs usual staffing Patients with pressure ulcers · nurses working on acute care, intensive care or medical care units Hospital nurse‐staffing models and patient‐ and staff‐related outcomes (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Self‐staffing vs usual staffing Costs · nurses working on acute care, intensive care or medical care units Hospital nurse‐staffing models and patient‐ and staff‐related outcomes (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
The introduction of advanced or specialist nurses to the nursing workforce vs usual staffing Patient readmissions · medical patients and patients with cancer, asthma, diabetes, heart failure and chronic illness Hospital nurse‐staffing models and patient‐ and staff‐related outcomes (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2995 participants | Very low |
The introduction of advanced or specialist nurses to the nursing workforce vs usual staffing Patient attendances at the ED · medical patients and patients with cancer, asthma, diabetes, heart failure and chronic illness Hospital nurse‐staffing models and patient‐ and staff‐related outcomes (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 2274 participants | Very low |
The introduction of advanced or specialist nurses to the nursing workforce vs usual staffing Length of stay · medical patients and patients with cancer, asthma, diabetes, heart failure and chronic illness Hospital nurse‐staffing models and patient‐ and staff‐related outcomes (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 907 participants | Very low |
The introduction of advanced or specialist nurses to the nursing workforce vs usual staffing Patients with pressure ulcers · medical patients and patients with cancer, asthma, diabetes, heart failure and chronic illness Hospital nurse‐staffing models and patient‐ and staff‐related outcomes (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 753 participants | Very low |
The introduction of advanced or specialist nurses to the nursing workforce vs usual staffing Costs · medical patients and patients with cancer, asthma, diabetes, heart failure and chronic illness Hospital nurse‐staffing models and patient‐ and staff‐related outcomes (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 617 participants | Very low |
The introduction of nursing assistive personnel (NAP) to the hospital workforce vs usual staffing Nursing‐staff turnover · patients admitted to a cardiovascular surgery/urology/ophthalmology unit, a kidney transplant/plastic surgery unit, an… Hospital nurse‐staffing models and patient‐ and staff‐related outcomes (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
The introduction of nursing assistive personnel (NAP) to the hospital workforce vs usual staffing Patient mortality · patients admitted to a cardiovascular surgery/urology/ophthalmology unit, a kidney transplant/plastic surgery unit, an… Hospital nurse‐staffing models and patient‐ and staff‐related outcomes (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
General health checks vs usual care Total mortality · general adult populations (geriatric trials not included) General health checks in adults for reducing morbidity and mortality from disease (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.97, 1.03] | 11 studies · 233298 participants | High |
General health checks vs usual care Cancer mortality · general adult populations (geriatric trials not included) General health checks in adults for reducing morbidity and mortality from disease (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.01 [0.92, 1.12] | 8 studies · 139290 participants | High |
General health checks vs usual care Cardiovascular mortality · general adult populations (geriatric trials not included) General health checks in adults for reducing morbidity and mortality from disease (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.05 [0.94, 1.16] | 9 studies · 170227 participants | Moderate |