Combined inhalers probably leads to lower mortality Duration of 18 months3 compared with placebo (primary outcomes) (moderate certainty).
Combined inhalers probably leads to higher pneumonia Duration of 18 months3 compared with placebo (primary outcomes) (moderate certainty).
Combined inhalers showed no clear difference in hospitalisations due to COPD exacerbations Duration of 18 months3 compared with placebo (primary outcomes) (low certainty).
Fluticasone/salmeterol (FPS) showed no clear difference in adverse events—any Duration of two years1 compared with placebo (low certainty).
Fluticasone/salmeterol (FPS) showed no clear difference in adverse events—'serious' Duration of two years1 compared with placebo (low certainty).
Budesonide/formoterol (BDF) may leads to higher adverse event—any—320/94 Duration of nine months 3 compared with placebo (low certainty).
Budesonide/formoterol (BDF) may leads to higher adverse event—any—160/94 Duration of nine months 3 compared with placebo (low certainty).
The intervention probably leads to lower exacerbation rates per participant per year (moderate certainty).
The intervention leads to lower mortality (high certainty).
The intervention showed no clear difference in pneumonia (low certainty).
The intervention showed no clear difference in hospitalisations due to COPD exacerbations (low certainty).
The intervention showed no clear difference in adverse events－serious Fluticasone/salmeterol (FPS) versus… (low certainty).
It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes adverse events－serious events Budesonide/formoterol (BDF) versus… (very low certainty).
The intervention showed no clear difference in adverse events－serious Mometasone/formoterol (MF/F) versus… (low certainty).
Combined inhalers may leads to lower annual Exacerbation Rates compared with LABAs (low certainty).
Combined inhalers probably leads to lower number of people experiencing one or more exacerbations compared with LABAs (moderate certainty).
It is very uncertain whether combined inhalers changes annual hospitalisation rates compared with LABAs (very low certainty).
Combined inhalers showed no clear difference in mortality compared with LABAs (moderate certainty).
Combined inhalers probably leads to higher pneumonia compared with LABAs (moderate certainty).