Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

461 questions · 475 findings · 59 reviews · Headline outcomes only

No studies found 112 · 23.6%GRADE not reported 13 · 2.7%Very low 66 · 13.9%Low 140 · 29.5%Moderate 112 · 23.6%High 32 · 6.7%

Oestrogen + other treatments vs placebo

Incontinence not improved (generic inverse variance) (women's observation) ‐ oestrogen + other treatments versus placebo · patients with urinary incontinence in post‐menopausal women

Oestrogen + other treatments probably leads to higher incontinence not improved (generic inverse variance) (women's… compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oestrogen vs placebo or no treatment

Incontinence not improved (generic inverse variance) (women's observations) ‐ Local administration (any incontinence) · patients with urinary incontinence in post‐menopausal women

It is very uncertain whether oestrogen changes incontinence not improved (generic inverse variance) (women's… compared with placebo or no treatment (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Clobazam vs phenytoin

Seizure freedom · drug‐naïve people with focal or generalized seizures with solitary cysticercus granuloma

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

2 findings from 1 review

Clobazam vs phenytoin

Adverse effects requiring withdrawal/discontinuation of study medication · drug‐naïve people with focal or generalized seizures with solitary cysticercus granuloma

Clobazam showed no clear difference in adverse effects requiring withdrawal/discontinuation of study… compared with phenytoin (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Clobazam vs carbamazepine

Seizure freedom · people with focal or generalized seizures

Clobazam showed no clear difference in seizure freedom at 4 weeks compared with carbamazepine (low certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Clobazam vs phenytoin

Time on allocated treatment (retention time) · drug‐naïve people with focal or generalized seizures with solitary cysticercus granuloma

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review