Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

381 questions · 383 findings · 97 reviews · Headline outcomes only

No studies found 54 · 14.1%GRADE not reported 36 · 9.4%Very low 116 · 30.3%Low 99 · 25.8%Moderate 60 · 15.7%High 18 · 4.7%

Fluoroquinolones vs beta‐lactams

Discontinuation of medication due to adverse events · patients with Shigella dysentery

It is very uncertain whether fluoroquinolones changes adverse events leading to discontinuation of treatment compared with beta‐lactams (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Continuation vs discontinuation of antiplatelet therapy

Mortality within the longest · adults undergoing non‐cardiac surgery

Continuation showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality (at longest compared with discontinuation of antiplatelet therapy (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Continuation vs discontinuation of antiplatelet therapy

All‐cause mortality (up to 30 days) · adults undergoing non‐cardiac surgery

Continuation showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality (up to 30 days) compared with discontinuation of antiplatelet therapy (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Continuation vs discontinuation of antiplatelet therapy

Blood loss requiring transfusion of blood products (intraoperatively and postoperatively) · adults undergoing non‐cardiac surgery

Continuation showed no clear difference in blood loss requiring transfusion of blood products (intraoperatively… compared with discontinuation of antiplatelet therapy (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Continuation vs discontinuation of antiplatelet therapy

Blood loss requiring further surgery (intraoperatively and postoperatively) · adults undergoing non‐cardiac surgery

Continuation showed no clear difference in blood loss requiring further surgery (intraoperatively and… compared with discontinuation of antiplatelet therapy (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Continuation vs discontinuation of antiplatelet therapy

Ischaemic events: peripheral thrombosis, cerebral myocardial infarction (within 30 days of surgery) · adults undergoing non‐cardiac surgery

Continuation showed no clear difference in ischaemic events: peripheral thrombosis, cerebral myocardial… compared with discontinuation of antiplatelet therapy (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Alemtuzumab No direct evidence · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer acetate,…

The intervention probably leads to lower alemtuzumab No direct evidence (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Azathioprine (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 54 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer acetate,…

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes azathioprine (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 54 participants) (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Cladribine (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 1326 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer acetate,…

The intervention showed no clear difference in cladribine (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 1326 participants) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Daclizumab (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 600 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer acetate,…

The intervention probably leads to higher daclizumab (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 600 participants) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Dimethylfumarate (Direct evidence; 2 RCTs; 2300 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer acetate,…

The intervention showed no clear difference in dimethylfumarate (Direct evidence; 2 RCTs; 2300 participants) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Fingolimod (Direct evidence; 2 RCTs; 2355 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer acetate,…

The intervention probably leads to higher fingolimod (Direct evidence; 2 RCTs; 2355 participants) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Glatiramer acetate (Direct evidence; 4 RCTs; 2419 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer acetate,…

The intervention probably leads to higher glatiramer acetate (Direct evidence; 4 RCTs; 2419 participants) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Immunoglobulins (Direct evidence; 3 RCTs; 243 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer acetate,…

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes immunoglobulins (Direct evidence; 3 RCTs; 243 participants) (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Interferon beta 1a‐1b No direct evidence · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer acetate,…

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes interferon beta 1a‐1b No direct evidence (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Interferon beta‐1b (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 372 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer acetate,…

The intervention may leads to higher interferon beta‐1b (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 372 participants) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Interferon beta‐1a (Direct evidence; 2 RCTs; 1457 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer acetate,…

The intervention showed no clear difference in interferon beta‐1a (Direct evidence; 2 RCTs; 1457 participants) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review