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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,434 questions in 139 reviews · Kidney and Transplant
current versionsNo studies 504 · 20.7%Ungraded 40 · 1.6%Very low 611 · 25.1%Low 790 · 32.5%Moderate 414 · 17%High 75 · 3.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Probiotics vs placebo Death · adult solid organ transplant recipients (liver) Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for solid organ transplant recipients (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Synbiotics vs prebiotics GI function · adult solid organ transplant recipients (liver) Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for solid organ transplant recipients (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Synbiotics vs prebiotics Graft health: acute liver rejection · adult solid organ transplant recipients (liver) Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for solid organ transplant recipients (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.73 [0.43, 1.25] | 2 studies · 129 participants | Very low |
Synbiotics vs prebiotics Graft health · adult solid organ transplant recipients (liver) Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for solid organ transplant recipients (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Synbiotics vs prebiotics Adverse events · adult solid organ transplant recipients (liver) Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for solid organ transplant recipients (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.79 [0.4, 1.59] | 2 studies · 129 participants | Very low |
Synbiotics vs prebiotics Serious adverse events · adult solid organ transplant recipients (liver) Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for solid organ transplant recipients (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.49 [0.42, 5.36] | 2 studies · 129 participants | Very low |
Synbiotics vs prebiotics Death · adult solid organ transplant recipients (liver) Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for solid organ transplant recipients (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 129 participants | Very low |
Synbiotics vs placebo Graft health · adult solid organ transplant recipients (kidney) Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for solid organ transplant recipients (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Synbiotics vs placebo Adverse events · adult solid organ transplant recipients (kidney) Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for solid organ transplant recipients (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Synbiotics vs placebo Serious adverse events · adult solid organ transplant recipients (kidney) Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for solid organ transplant recipients (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Synbiotics vs placebo Death · adult solid organ transplant recipients (kidney) Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for solid organ transplant recipients (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Probiotics vs placebo GI function · adult solid organ transplant recipients (liver) Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for solid organ transplant recipients (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Probiotics vs placebo Graft health · adult solid organ transplant recipients (liver) Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for solid organ transplant recipients (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Probiotics vs placebo Adverse events · adult solid organ transplant recipients (liver) Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for solid organ transplant recipients (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Probiotics vs placebo Serious adverse events · adult solid organ transplant recipients (liver) Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for solid organ transplant recipients (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Immunosuppressive treatment vs placebo/no treatment/non‐immunosuppressive supportive treatment Death at final · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome Immunosuppressive treatment for primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.73 [0.34, 1.59] | 16 studies · 944 participants | Moderate |
Oral alkylating agents ± steroids vs placebo/no treatment/steroids Death at final · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome Immunosuppressive treatment for primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.76 [0.25, 2.3] | 7 studies · 440 participants | Low |
Oral alkylating agents ± steroids vs placebo/no treatment/steroids End‐stage kidney disease at final · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome Immunosuppressive treatment for primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.42 [0.24, 0.74] | 9 studies · 537 participants | Moderate |
Oral alkylating agents ± steroids vs placebo/no treatment/steroids Total remission (complete or partial) at final · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome Immunosuppressive treatment for primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.37 [1.04, 1.82] | 9 studies · 468 participants | Moderate |
Oral alkylating agents ± steroids vs placebo/no treatment/steroids Complete remission at final · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome Immunosuppressive treatment for primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome (2021) · Cochrane | RR 2.12 [1.33, 3.38] | 8 studies · 432 participants | Moderate |
Oral alkylating agents ± steroids vs placebo/no treatment/steroids Recurrence of disease (relapse) at final · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome Immunosuppressive treatment for primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.8 [0.4, 1.61] | 3 studies · 161 participants | Very low |
Oral alkylating agents ± steroids vs placebo/no treatment/steroids 100% increase in serum creatinine at final · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome Immunosuppressive treatment for primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.59 [0.3, 1.16] | 7 studies · 332 participants | Moderate |
Oral alkylating agents ± steroids vs placebo/no treatment/steroids Adverse events ‐ temporary/permanent discontinuation or hospitalisation at final · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome Immunosuppressive treatment for primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.44 | 3 studies · 184 participants | Low |
Oral alkylating agents ± steroids vs placebo/no treatment/steroids Adverse events ‐ infection at 3 years · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome Immunosuppressive treatment for primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.68 [0.3, 9.45] | 1 study · 70 participants | Very low |
Oral alkylating agents ± steroids vs placebo/no treatment/steroids Adverse events ‐ malignancy at final · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome Immunosuppressive treatment for primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.63 [0.21, 12.37] | 2 studies · 199 participants | Very low |
Calcineurin inhibitors ± steroids vs placebo/no treatment/supportive treatment/steroids Death at final · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome Immunosuppressive treatment for primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.69 [0.46, 6.14] | 7 studies · 296 participants | Very low |
Immunosuppressive treatment vs placebo/no treatment/non‐immunosuppressive supportive treatment End‐stage kidney disease at final · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome Immunosuppressive treatment for primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.59 [0.35, 0.99] | 16 studies · 944 participants | Moderate |
Calcineurin inhibitors ± steroids vs placebo/no treatment/supportive treatment/steroids End‐stage kidney disease at final · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome Immunosuppressive treatment for primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.18 [0.54, 2.6] | 7 studies · 296 participants | Very low |
Calcineurin inhibitors ± steroids vs placebo/no treatment/supportive treatment/steroids Total remission at final · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome Immunosuppressive treatment for primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.21 [0.62, 2.38] | 5 studies · 206 participants | Low |
Calcineurin inhibitors ± steroids vs placebo/no treatment/supportive treatment/steroids Complete remission at final · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome Immunosuppressive treatment for primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.07 [0.51, 2.24] | 5 studies · 206 participants | Low |
Calcineurin inhibitors ± steroids vs placebo/no treatment/supportive treatment/steroids Recurrence of disease (relapse) at final · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome Immunosuppressive treatment for primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.56 [0.79, 3.09] | 2 studies · 92 participants | Very low |
Calcineurin inhibitors ± steroids vs placebo/no treatment/supportive treatment/steroids 100% increase in SCr at final · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome Immunosuppressive treatment for primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.84 [0.37, 1.86] | 2 studies · 117 participants | Very low |
Calcineurin inhibitors ± steroids vs placebo/no treatment/supportive treatment/steroids Adverse events ‐ temporary or permanent discontinuation/hospitalisation at final · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome Immunosuppressive treatment for primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome (2021) · Cochrane | RR 5.45 [0.29, 101.55] | 5 studies · 156 participants | Very low |
Calcineurin inhibitors ± steroids vs placebo/no treatment/supportive treatment/steroids Adverse events ‐ infection at 36 months · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome Immunosuppressive treatment for primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome (2021) · Cochrane | RR 4.11 [0.94, 18.06] | 1 study · 73 participants | Very low |
Calcineurin inhibitors ± steroids vs placebo/no treatment/supportive treatment/steroids Adverse events ‐ malignancy at 36 months · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome Immunosuppressive treatment for primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome (2021) · Cochrane | RR 2.79 [0.14, 56.57] | 1 study · 107 participants | Very low |
Calcineurin inhibitors ± steroids vs alkylating agents ± steroids Death at final · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome Immunosuppressive treatment for primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.9 [0.35, 2.34] | 7 studies · 394 participants | Very low |
Calcineurin inhibitors ± steroids vs alkylating agents ± steroids End‐stage kidney disease at final · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome Immunosuppressive treatment for primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome (2021) · Cochrane | RR 2.4 [0.64, 9.01] | 5 studies · 293 participants | Very low |
Immunosuppressive treatment vs placebo/no treatment/non‐immunosuppressive supportive treatment Total remission (complete or partial) at final · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome Immunosuppressive treatment for primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.44 [1.05, 1.97] | 16 studies · 879 participants | Moderate |
Calcineurin inhibitors ± steroids vs alkylating agents ± steroids Total remission at final · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome Immunosuppressive treatment for primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.01 [0.89, 1.15] | 10 studies · 529 participants | Moderate |
Calcineurin inhibitors ± steroids vs alkylating agents ± steroids Complete remission at final · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome Immunosuppressive treatment for primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.15 [0.84, 1.56] | 10 studies · 533 participants | Low |
Calcineurin inhibitors ± steroids vs alkylating agents ± steroids Recurrence of disease (relapse) at final · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome Immunosuppressive treatment for primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome (2021) · Cochrane | RR 2.13 [0.71, 6.37] | 6 studies · 295 participants | Low |
Calcineurin inhibitors ± steroids vs alkylating agents ± steroids 100% increase in SCr at final · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome Immunosuppressive treatment for primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.7 [0.3, 1.67] | 2 studies · 132 participants | Very low |
Calcineurin inhibitors ± steroids vs alkylating agents ± steroids Adverse events ‐ temporary or permanent discontinuation/hospitalisation at final · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome Immunosuppressive treatment for primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.43 [0.31, 6.67] | 3 studies · 151 participants | Very low |
Calcineurin inhibitors ± steroids vs alkylating agents ± steroids Adverse events ‐ infection ( · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome Immunosuppressive treatment for primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.86 [0.43, 1.71] | 9 studies · 552 participants | Low |
Calcineurin inhibitors ± steroids vs alkylating agents ± steroids Adverse events ‐ malignancy (range 30 to 36 months · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome Immunosuppressive treatment for primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.18 [0.01, 3.69] | 2 studies · 127 participants | Very low |
Immunosuppressive treatment vs placebo/no treatment/non‐immunosuppressive supportive treatment Complete remission at final · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome Immunosuppressive treatment for primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.7 [1.05, 2.75] | 16 studies · 879 participants | Moderate |
Immunosuppressive treatment vs placebo/no treatment/non‐immunosuppressive supportive treatment Recurrence of disease (relapse) at final · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome Immunosuppressive treatment for primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.73 [1.05, 2.86] | 3 studies · 310 participants | Low |
Immunosuppressive treatment vs placebo/no treatment/non‐immunosuppressive supportive treatment 100% increase in serum creatinine at final · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome Immunosuppressive treatment for primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.46 [0.26, 0.8] | 8 studies · 447 participants | Moderate |
Immunosuppressive treatment vs placebo/no treatment/non‐immunosuppressive supportive treatment Adverse events: temporary/permanent discontinuation or hospitalisation at final · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome Immunosuppressive treatment for primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome (2021) · Cochrane | RR 5.33 [2.19, 12.98] | 16 studies · 927 participants | Moderate |
Immunosuppressive treatment vs placebo/no treatment/non‐immunosuppressive supportive treatment Adverse events: infection at 3 years · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome Immunosuppressive treatment for primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome (2021) · Cochrane | RR 2.95 [0.69, 12.61] | 1 study · 106 participants | Very low |