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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,050 questions in 42 reviews · Incontinence
current versionsNo studies 391 · 37.2%Ungraded 82 · 7.8%Very low 199 · 19%Low 206 · 19.6%Moderate 150 · 14.3%High 22 · 2.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Electrical stimulation vs laseropuncture/electro‐acupuncture Adverse effects · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB) Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Electrical stimulation vs drug therapy Participants cured or improved · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB) Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.2 [1.04, 1.38] | 8 studies · 439 participants | Moderate |
Electrical stimulation vs drug therapy OAB‐related quality of life · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB) Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 336 participants | Low |
Electrical stimulation vs drug therapy Adverse effects ‐ ES versus oxybutynin · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB) Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.11 [0.01, 0.84] | 2 studies · 79 participants | Low |
Electrical stimulation vs drug therapy Adverse effects ‐ ES versus tolterodine · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB) Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.12 [0.05, 0.27] | 4 studies · 200 participants | Moderate |
Electrical stimulation vs drug therapy Adverse effects ‐ ES versus solifenacin succinate · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB) Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.09 [0.01, 1.6] | 1 study · 100 participants | Very low |
Electrical stimulation vs no active treatment OAB‐related quality of life (higher score indicates better quality of life) · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB) Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 148 participants | Low |
Electrical stimulation plus pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) vs PFMT alone Participants cured or improved · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB) Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Electrical stimulation plus pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) vs PFMT alone Participants with improvement in urgency urinary incontinence · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB) Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults (2016) · Cochrane | RR 2.82 [1.44, 5.52] | 1 study · 51 participants | Low |
Electrical stimulation plus pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) vs PFMT alone Adverse effects · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB) Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 51 participants | Very low |
Electrical stimulation plus pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) vs PFMT alone OAB‐related quality of life · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB) Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 201 participants | Low |
Electrical stimulation plus pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) vs PFMT alone Cost‐effectiveness · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB) Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Electrical stimulation plus behavioural therapy vs behavioural therapy alone Participants cured or improved · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB) Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Electrical stimulation plus behavioural therapy vs behavioural therapy alone Participants with improvement in urgency urinary incontinence · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB) Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Electrical stimulation plus behavioural therapy vs behavioural therapy alone OAB‐related quality of life · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB) Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 82 participants | Very low |
Electrical stimulation plus behavioural therapy vs behavioural therapy alone Adverse effects · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB) Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Electrical stimulation plus drug therapy vs drug therapy alone Participants cured or improved · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB) Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Electrical stimulation vs no active treatment Adverse effects · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB) Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Electrical stimulation plus drug therapy vs drug therapy alone Participants with improvement in urgency urinary incontinence · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB) Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Electrical stimulation plus drug therapy vs drug therapy alone OAB‐related quality of life · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB) Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 248 participants | Low |
Electrical stimulation plus drug therapy vs drug therapy alone Adverse effects · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB) Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.45 [0.04, 4.55] | 1 study · 38 participants | Very low |
Electrical stimulation (ES) once a week vs ES twice a week Participants cured or improved · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB) Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 37 participants | Very low |
Electrical stimulation (ES) once a week vs ES twice a week Participants with improvement in urgency urinary incontinence · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB) Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Electrical stimulation (ES) once a week vs ES three times a week Participants cured or improved ( · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB) Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.97 [0.6, 1.57] | 1 study · 35 participants | Very low |
Electrical stimulation (ES) once a week vs ES three times a week Participants with improvement in urgency urinary incontinence ( · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB) Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.8 [0.29, 2.21] | 1 study · 22 participants | Very low |
Electrical stimulation (ES) once a week vs ES three times a week OAB‐related quality of life ( · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB) Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 35 participants | Very low |
Electrical stimulation (ES) once a week vs ES three times a week Adverse effects ( · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB) Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 35 participants | Very low |
Sensory threshold electrical stimulation (ES) vs motor threshold ES Participants cured or improved · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB) Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Electrical stimulation vs placebo or sham treatment Participants cured or improved · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB) Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults (2016) · Cochrane | RR 2.26 [1.85, 2.77] | 10 studies · 677 participants | Moderate |
Sensory threshold electrical stimulation (ES) vs motor threshold ES Participants with improvement in urgency urinary incontinence · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB) Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Sensory threshold electrical stimulation (ES) vs motor threshold ES OAB‐related quality of life · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB) Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 28 participants | Very low |
Sensory threshold electrical stimulation (ES) vs motor threshold ES Adverse effects · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB) Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Electrical stimulation vs placebo or sham treatment Participants with improvement in urgency urinary incontinence · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB) Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults (2016) · Cochrane | RR 5.03 [0.28, 89.88] | 2 studies · 242 participants | Low |
Electrical stimulation vs placebo or sham treatment OAB‐related quality of life · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB) Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 627 participants | Low |
Electrical stimulation vs placebo or sham treatment Adverse effects · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB) Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.24 [0.84, 1.83] | 3 studies · 450 participants | Low |
Electrical stimulation vs pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) Participants cured or improved · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB) Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.6 [1.19, 2.14] | 3 studies · 195 participants | Moderate |
Monthly & PRN catheter replacement vs PRN catheter replacement Symptomatic CAUTI as defined by trialists · adults with replacing long‐term indwelling urinary catheters Policies for replacing long‐term indwelling urinary catheters in adults (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.35 [0.13, 0.95] | 1 study · 17 participants | Very low |
Antibiotics at time of replacement vs no antibiotics at time of replacement Adverse effects (Urinary tract trauma) ‐ not reported · adults with replacing long‐term indwelling urinary catheters Policies for replacing long‐term indwelling urinary catheters in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Antibiotics at time of replacement vs no antibiotics at time of replacement Adverse effects (Death) · adults with replacing long‐term indwelling urinary catheters Policies for replacing long‐term indwelling urinary catheters in adults (2016) · Cochrane | RR 2.12 [0.2, 22.2] | 1 study · 70 participants | Very low |
Antibiotics at time of replacement vs no antibiotics at time of replacement Formal economic analysis ‐ not reported · adults with replacing long‐term indwelling urinary catheters Policies for replacing long‐term indwelling urinary catheters in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Sterile water vs 0.05% chlorohexidine gluconate Symptomatic CAUTI at 14 days after replacement · adults with replacing long‐term indwelling urinary catheters Policies for replacing long‐term indwelling urinary catheters in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 16 participants | Very low |
Sterile water vs 0.05% chlorohexidine gluconate Participant satisfaction ‐ not reported · adults with replacing long‐term indwelling urinary catheters Policies for replacing long‐term indwelling urinary catheters in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Sterile water vs 0.05% chlorohexidine gluconate Condition‐specific quality of life measures ‐ not reported · adults with replacing long‐term indwelling urinary catheters Policies for replacing long‐term indwelling urinary catheters in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Sterile water vs 0.05% chlorohexidine gluconate Adverse effects (Urinary tract trauma) ‐ not reported · adults with replacing long‐term indwelling urinary catheters Policies for replacing long‐term indwelling urinary catheters in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Sterile water vs 0.05% chlorohexidine gluconate Adverse effects (Death) ‐ not reported · adults with replacing long‐term indwelling urinary catheters Policies for replacing long‐term indwelling urinary catheters in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Sterile water vs 0.05% chlorohexidine gluconate Formal economic analysis ‐ not reported · adults with replacing long‐term indwelling urinary catheters Policies for replacing long‐term indwelling urinary catheters in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Monthly & PRN catheter replacement vs PRN catheter replacement Participant satisfaction ‐ not reported · adults with replacing long‐term indwelling urinary catheters Policies for replacing long‐term indwelling urinary catheters in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Monthly & PRN catheter replacement vs PRN catheter replacement Condition‐specific quality‐of‐life measures ‐ not reported · adults with replacing long‐term indwelling urinary catheters Policies for replacing long‐term indwelling urinary catheters in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Monthly & PRN catheter replacement vs PRN catheter replacement Adverse effects (Urinary tract trauma) ‐ not reported · adults with replacing long‐term indwelling urinary catheters Policies for replacing long‐term indwelling urinary catheters in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Monthly & PRN catheter replacement vs PRN catheter replacement Adverse effects (Death) ‐ not reported · adults with replacing long‐term indwelling urinary catheters Policies for replacing long‐term indwelling urinary catheters in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |