Change in SGRQ total score · patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
1 finding from 1 review
Exacerbations (number of people experiencing ≥ 1 exacerbations) · patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors leads to lower number of participants with 1 or more exacerbations compared with placebo (high certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Number experiencing adverse effects · patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors may leads to higher number of participants experiencing an adverse event compared with placebo (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Diarrhoea · patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors leads to higher gastrointestinal adverse effects: diarrhoea compared with placebo (high certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Psychiatric adverse effects (roflumilast 500 µg) · patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors probably leads to higher psychiatric adverse effects (roflumilast 500 µg) compared with placebo (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
All‐cause mortality · patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors showed no clear difference in mortality compared with placebo (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Mortality (respiratory‐ related and all‐cause · adults with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Titrated oxygen therapy may leads to lower mortality (respiratory‐ related and all‐cause compared with high‐flow oxygen therapy (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Arterial blood gas (pH) · adults with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
1 finding from 1 review
Ventilation of any type · adults with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Titrated oxygen therapy showed no clear difference in ventilation of any type compared with high‐flow oxygen therapy (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Length of hospital stay · adults with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
1 finding from 1 review
Quality of life ‐ not measured · adults with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Lung function ‐ not measured · adults with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Dyspnoea score ‐ not measured · adults with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Respiratory exacerbations: number of respiratory exacerbations per year · Adults with COPD
1 finding from 1 review
Exacerbations needing hospitalisation · Adults with COPD
1 finding from 1 review
All‐cause mortality · Adults with COPD
Statins showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality compared with placebo (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
COPD‐specific mortality · Adults with COPD
Statins showed no clear difference in COPD‐specific mortality compared with placebo (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Quality of life · Adults with COPD
Statins led to lower quality of life compared with placebo; GRADE not reported.
1 finding from 1 review
Adverse events · Adults with COPD
1 finding from 1 review
Improvement in WHO functional class · pulmonary arterial hypertension
Prostacyclin probably leads to higher improvement in WHO functional class compared with control (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review