Confirmed malaria illness incidence · People of all ages living in an area with very low to low endemicity of P falciparum malaria ( < 10% prevalence)
It is very uncertain whether MDA changes confirmed malaria illness incidence compared with no MDA (very low certainty).
2 findings from 1 review
Pain intensity — first stage of labour · women in labour
1 finding from 1 review
Sense of control in labour ‐ not reported · women in labour
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Satisfaction with childbirth experience ‐ not reported · women in labour
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Assisted vaginal birth — not reported · women in labour
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Caesarean section — not reported · women in labour
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Use of pharmacological pain relief ‐ not reported · women in labour
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Length of labour (hours) · women in labour
1 finding from 1 review
Pain intensity — first stage of labour · women in labour
1 finding from 1 review
Sense of control in labour ‐ not reported · women in labour
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Satisfaction with childbirth experience ‐ not reported · women in labour
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Instrumental vaginal birth · women in labour
It is very uncertain whether thermal manual methods changes assisted vaginal birth compared with usual care (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Caesarean section — not reported · women in labour
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Use of pharmacological pain relief ‐ not reported · women in labour
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Length of labour (hours) · women in labour
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Smoking rates ( · Young people aged less than 25 years
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Smoking prevalence ( · Adults who smoke
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Very low
Intervention not reported
Tobacco consumption ( · Adults who smoke
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Very low
Intervention not reported
Abstinence or quit rates ( · Adults who smoke
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Very low
Intervention not reported
Quit attempts ( · Adults who smoke
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Very low