Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

582 questions · 642 findings · 67 reviews · All outcomes

No studies found 173 · 26.9%GRADE not reported 298 · 46.4%Very low 121 · 18.8%Low 35 · 5.5%Moderate 15 · 2.3%High 0 · 0%

Infiltration injection local anaesthetic vs no treatment or placebo

Intraoperative or postoperative bleeding · Children and young people aged 17 years or younger having dental treatment (including extractions) under general anaesthesia (secondary…
1 finding from 1 review

Infiltration injection LA and intraligamental injection LA (3-arm) vs no treatment

Lip or cheek biting, numbness or allergy · Children and young people aged 17 years or younger having dental treatment (including extractions) under general anaesthesia (secondary…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Intraligamental injection local anaesthetic vs no treatment

Postoperative pain · Children and young people aged 17 years or younger having dental treatment (including extractions) under general anaesthesia (secondary…
1 finding from 1 review

Infiltration injection local anaesthetic vs no treatment or placebo

Postoperative pain or distress · Children and young people aged 17 years or younger having dental treatment (including extractions) under general anaesthesia (secondary…
1 finding from 1 review

Primary outcome: topical local anaesthetics vs placebo or no treatment

Parental satisfaction · Children and young people aged 17 years or younger having dental treatment (including extractions) under general anaesthesia (secondary…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Intraligamental injection local anaesthetic vs no treatment

Physiological parameters (cardiac/respiratory events; type and volume of GA drug) · Children and young people aged 17 years or younger having dental treatment (including extractions) under general anaesthesia (secondary…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Primary outcome: topical local anaesthetics vs placebo or no treatment

Participant satisfaction · Children and young people aged 17 years or younger having dental treatment (including extractions) under general anaesthesia (secondary…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Infiltration injection local anaesthetic vs no treatment or placebo

Postoperative anxiety · Children and young people aged 17 years or younger having dental treatment (including extractions) under general anaesthesia (secondary…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Infiltration injection LA and intraligamental injection LA (3-arm) vs no treatment

Postoperative anxiety · Children and young people aged 17 years or younger having dental treatment (including extractions) under general anaesthesia (secondary…
1 finding from 1 review

Intraligamental injection local anaesthetic vs no treatment

Parental satisfaction · Children and young people aged 17 years or younger having dental treatment (including extractions) under general anaesthesia (secondary…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Primary outcome: topical local anaesthetics vs placebo or no treatment

Postoperative anxiety · Children and young people aged 17 years or younger having dental treatment (including extractions) under general anaesthesia (secondary…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Infiltration injection local anaesthetic vs no treatment or placebo

Physiological parameters (cardiac/respiratory events; type and volume of GA drug) · Children and young people aged 17 years or younger having dental treatment (including extractions) under general anaesthesia (secondary…
1 finding from 1 review

Intraligamental injection local anaesthetic vs no treatment

Participant satisfaction · Children and young people aged 17 years or younger having dental treatment (including extractions) under general anaesthesia (secondary…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Electronic cigarette use vs Non-smokers

Peri-implant clinical and radiographic parameters (plaque index, probing depth, bone loss, pro-inflammatory profile) · Adult e-cigarette (ENDS) users with dental implants (incl. male implant-supported prosthesis patients)

Among dental implant patients, e-cigarette users show worse peri-implant parameters (more plaque, worse clinical and radiographic outcomes) than non-smokers (narrative synthesis; ungraded).

1 finding from 1 review
  • An Umbrella Review of E-Cigarettes' Impact on Oral Microbiota and Biofilm Buildup. 2025 All outcomes
    Dental implant / peri-implant care · Implant/peri-implant populations: Vamos (implant patients), Youssef (male implant patients only), Yang (broad SR incl. peri-implant)
    Narrative synthesis: e-cigarette users with dental implants showed a higher peri-implant plaque index and worse clinico-radiographic and immunological peri-implant parameters than non-smokers (worse than non-smokers…
    3 studies
    GRADE not reported

Atraumatic restorative treatment vs Conventional treatment with local anaesthesia

Discomfort associated with the procedure · People with dental caries in primary teeth (mainly children)

The reported estimate for discomfort with ART versus conventional treatment was inconclusive (ungraded).

1 finding from 1 review

Glass ionomer cement vs Resin adhesive

Initiation of white spot lesions (WSL), visual-tactile assessment · People receiving orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances (upper and/or lower full arch)

Glass ionomer cement did not show a statistically significant difference in new white spot lesions versus resin adhesive (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Glass ionomer cement (for bracket bonding) vs Resin adhesive

Initiation of white spot lesions (WSL), visual-tactile assessment · Patients of any age (11-40 years) receiving comprehensive/fixed orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances

There is no clear difference in WSL initiation between glass ionomer cement and resin adhesive for bracket bonding (RR 0.72, not significant); certainty of evidence is very low.

1 finding from 1 review

Counter-stimulation and distraction (combined) vs Conventional treatment

Acceptance of LA · Children and adolescents having dental treatment under local anaesthetic without general anaesthesia

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Video modelling acclimatisation vs Acclimatisation in clinic (tell-show-do)

Anxiety · Children and adolescents having dental treatment under local anaesthetic without general anaesthesia

Video modelling acclimatisation showed no clear difference in pre- and post-operative anxiety measures (Venham's scale) compared with acclimatisation in clinic (tell-show-do); GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review