Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

3,801 questions · 4,079 findings · 473 reviews

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No studies found 669 · 16.4%GRADE not reported 852 · 20.9%Very low 738 · 18.1%Low 903 · 22.1%Moderate 716 · 17.6%High 201 · 4.9%

Topical NSAIDs vs topical placebo

At least 50% reduction in pain · adults with strains, sprains, or muscle pull

2 findings from 1 review

Topical NSAIDs for acute musculoskeletal pain in adults 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 314 participants
High
Topical NSAIDs for acute musculoskeletal pain in adults 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
5 studies · 348 participants
Moderate

Topical NSAIDs vs topical placebo

Clinical success (eg 50% reduction in pain) Chronic conditions · adults with strains, sprains, or muscle pull

1 finding from 1 review

Topical NSAIDs for acute musculoskeletal pain in adults 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 241 participants
Moderate

Topical NSAIDs vs topical placebo

All topical NSAIDs Local adverse events · adults with strains, sprains, or muscle pull

1 finding from 1 review

Topical NSAIDs for acute musculoskeletal pain in adults 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
42 studies · 6125 participants
High

Topical NSAIDs vs topical placebo

All topical NSAIDs Systemic adverse events · adults with strains, sprains, or muscle pull

1 finding from 1 review

Topical NSAIDs for acute musculoskeletal pain in adults 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
38 studies · 5372 participants
High

Topical NSAIDs vs topical placebo

All topical NSAIDs Withdrawals ‐ adverse events · adults with strains, sprains, or muscle pull

1 finding from 1 review

Topical NSAIDs for acute musculoskeletal pain in adults 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
42 studies · 5790 participants
High

Topical NSAIDs vs topical placebo

Serious adverse events · adults with strains, sprains, or muscle pull

1 finding from 1 review

Topical NSAIDs for acute musculoskeletal pain in adults 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Low

Low dietary fat vs usual fat

Weight (kg) · Adults and children (general population)

1 finding from 1 review

Effects of total fat intake on body weight 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
30 studies · 53647 participants
High

Higher drinking-water fluoride exposure vs Lower water fluoride concentration (concurrent control)

Adverse effects: dental fluorosis · Populations of all ages (mostly children) exposed to drinking water with differing fluoride concentrations

Higher water fluoride concentration (fluoridated water; natural or… may leads to higher dental fluorosis of any level (all severities) compared with lower water fluoride concentration (concurrent control) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Water fluoridation for the prevention of dental caries 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
Cross-sectional
OR 3.60 [2.86, 4.53]
90 studies · 180530 participants
Low

Resin sealant (with or without flossing advice) vs Flossing advice (non-invasive control)

Caries (lesion) progression (radiographic) · Dentate children and adults with non-cavitated proximal caries lesions extending into enamel or dentine (not pulp) in primary or permanent…

Resin sealant (with or without flossing advice) led to lower caries (lesion) progression (radiographic) compared with flossing advice (non-invasive control); GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Micro‐invasive interventions for managing proximal dental decay in primary and permanent teeth 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
12 to 36 months (radiographic follow-up) · Resin sealant
OR 0.33 [0.18, 0.59]
2 studies
GRADE not reported

Sedation (sedative agents administered via any route) vs General anaesthesia

Outcome not reported · Children and adolescents younger than 18 years having dental treatment (fillings, pulp treatment or tooth extraction); complex surgical…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Sedation versus general anaesthesia for provision of dental treatment to patients younger than 18 years 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
no estimate extracted
0 studies
No studies found

Micro-invasive treatment (proximal sealing or resin infiltration) vs Conventional invasive treatment (restoration / drill and fill)

Outcome not reported · Dentate children and adults with non-cavitated proximal caries lesions extending into enamel or dentine (not pulp) in primary or permanent…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Micro‐invasive interventions for managing proximal dental decay in primary and permanent teeth 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
No studies compared micro-invasive treatments with invasive treatment (fillings)
0 studies
No studies found

Resin infiltration vs Non-invasive measures (fluoride varnish/toothpaste, flossing, oral hygiene instruction, sham/standard of care)

Caries (lesion) progression (radiographic) · Dentate children and adults with non-cavitated proximal caries lesions extending into enamel or dentine (not pulp) in primary or permanent…

Resin infiltration led to lower caries (lesion) progression (radiographic) compared with fluoride varnish, sham/placebo, or flossing advice (non-invasive…; GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Micro‐invasive interventions for managing proximal dental decay in primary and permanent teeth 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
12 to 36 months (radiographic follow-up) · Resin infiltration
OR 0.19 [0.08, 0.46]
2 studies
GRADE not reported

Fluoridated milk vs Non-fluoridated milk

Caries in primary teeth: dmft (3 years) · general population

Fluoridated milk may leads to lower caries in primary teeth: dmft (3 years) compared with non-fluoridated milk (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fluoridated milk for preventing dental caries 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
3 years
MD -1.14 [-1.86, -0.42]
1 study · 166 participants
Low

Micro-invasive treatment (proximal sealing or resin infiltration): resin sealant, glass ionomer sealant, polyurethane/adhesive patch, or resin infiltration vs Non-invasive / control treatment

Material deficiency (retention/adaptation loss; re-treatment) · Dentate children and adults with non-cavitated proximal caries lesions extending into enamel or dentine (not pulp) in primary or permanent…

1 finding from 1 review

Micro‐invasive interventions for managing proximal dental decay in primary and permanent teeth 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
3 years
One study (Alkilzy 2011, sealant patch) reported material deficiency: 10% total and 23% partial loss of proximal sealants after three years; 53% maintained perfect margins and none had open margins. No studies reported…
1 study
GRADE not reported

Fluoridated milk vs Non-fluoridated milk

Dental caries in permanent teeth · general population

Fluoridated milk may leads to lower caries in permanent teeth: DMFT (3 years) compared with non-fluoridated milk (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fluoridated milk for preventing dental caries 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
3 years
MD -0.13 [-0.24, -0.02]
1 study · 166 participants
Low

Higher circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration vs Lower circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration

Prostate cancer · Adults (general population)

Meta-analysis of observational studies (higher vs lower 25(OH)D) for Prostate cancer: OR 1.04 (95% CI 0.98 to 1.09), not statistically significant. Umbrella review outcome-level evidence grade: Substantial effect unlikely.

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational… 2014 All outcomes
OR 1.04 [0.98, 1.09]
14 studies · 28988 participants
GRADE not reported

Higher circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration vs Lower circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration

Type 2 diabetes mellitus · Adults (general population)

Meta-analysis of observational studies (higher vs lower 25(OH)D) for Type 2 diabetes: OR 0.63 (95% CI 0.56 to 0.69), statistically significant. Umbrella review outcome-level evidence grade: Suggestive.

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational… 2014 All outcomes
OR 0.63 [0.56, 0.69]
16 studies · 72204 participants
GRADE not reported

Higher circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration vs Lower circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration

Sporadic colorectal adenoma recurrence · Adults (general population)

Meta-analysis of observational studies (higher vs lower 25(OH)D) for Sporadic colorectal adenoma recurrence: OR 0.87 (95% CI 0.57 to 1.33), not statistically significant. Umbrella review outcome-level evidence grade: No conclusion.

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational… 2014 All outcomes
OR 0.87 [0.57, 1.33]
3 studies · 1366 participants
GRADE not reported

Higher circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration vs Lower circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration

Ischaemic heart disease · Adults (general population)

Meta-analysis of observational studies (higher vs lower 25(OH)D) for Ischaemic heart disease: HR 0.72 (95% CI 0.65 to 0.81), statistically significant. Umbrella review outcome-level evidence grade: No conclusion.

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational… 2014 All outcomes
HR 0.72 [0.65, 0.81]
19 studies · 82982 participants
GRADE not reported

Higher circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration vs Lower circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration

Breast cancer · Adults (general population)

Meta-analysis of observational studies (higher vs lower 25(OH)D) for Breast cancer (Premenopausal): RR 1.01 (95% CI 0.97 to 1.06), not statistically significant. Umbrella review outcome-level evidence grade: Substantial effect unlikely.

3 findings from 1 review

Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational… 2014 All outcomes
Premenopausal
RR 1.01 [0.97, 1.06]
6 studies · 2890 participants
GRADE not reported
Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational… 2014 All outcomes
Postmenopausal
RR 0.99 [0.97, 1.01]
9 studies · 8766 participants
GRADE not reported
Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational… 2014 All outcomes
OR 0.55 [0.42, 0.71]
21 studies · 26317 participants
GRADE not reported