Search review questions

Bayley Scales of Infant Development Psychomotor Development Index < 85 (assessed beyond infancy) · very preterm or very low birth weight infants

Cerebral palsy (assessed beyond infancy) · very preterm or very low birth weight infants

Pain score during the procedure, · Procedural pain in neonates

Hypotension requiring medical therapy (vasopressors or fluid boluses), occurring during the procedure No. of participants: 124(1 RCT) · Procedural pain in neonates

Pain score assessed up to 10 minutes after the procedure · Procedural pain in neonates

Episodes of bradycardia, defined as a fall in heart rate of more than 30% below the baseline or less than 100 beats per minute for 10 seconds or longer, occurring during the procedure · Procedural pain in neonates

Episodes of apnea (mean rates of apnea), occurring during the procedure · Procedural pain in neonates

Hypotension requiring medical therapy (vasopressors or fluid boluses), occurring during the procedure · Procedural pain in neonates

Pain score · Procedural pain in neonates

Pain score assessed up to 10 minutes after the procedure · Procedural pain in neonates

Episodes of bradycardia, defined as a fall in heart rate of more than 30% below the baseline or less than 100 beats per minute for 10 seconds or longer, occurring during the procedure · Procedural pain in neonates

Episodes of apnea (mean rates of apnea), occurring during the procedure. No. of participants: 124(1 RCT) · Procedural pain in neonates

All‐cause mortality prior to hospital discharge№ of participants: 396(2 RCTs) · preterm infants

f) Hearing impairment (requiring amplification) № of participants: 6(1 RCT) · preterm infants

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia/chronic lung disease: defined as 28 days of oxygen exposure at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age№ of participants: 481(3 RCTs) · preterm infants

Side effects (tachycardia, agitation, or feed intolerance) leading to a reduction in dose or withholding of methylxanthines№ of participants: 30(1 RCT) · preterm infants

Duration of hospital stay (days) № of participants: 240 (1 RCT) · preterm infants

Seizures (clinically diagnosed) · preterm infants

Moderate to severe neurodevelopmental disability at 18 to 26 months · preterm infants

a) Cerebral palsy · preterm infants

b) Gross motor disability defined as ≥ level 2 according to the GMFCS · preterm infants

c) Developmental delay more than two SDs below population mean on a standardized test of development: cognitive delay № of participants: 79(1 RCT) · preterm infants

c) Developmental delay more than two SDs below population mean on a standardized test of development: language delay № of participants: 79(1 RCT) · preterm infants

c) Developmental delay more than two SDs below population mean on a standardized test of development: motor delay № of participants: 79(1 RCT) · preterm infants

d) Mental development IQ > 2 SD below the mean · preterm infants

e) Visual impairment (vision < 6/60 in both eyes) № of participants: 21(1 RCT) · preterm infants

Successful lumbar puncture procedure at the first attempt, with < 10000 red blood cells/mm3№ of participants: 1249(2 RCTs) · lumbar puncture in newborn infants

Episodes of bradycardia, defined as a fall in heart rate of more than 30% below the baseline or less than 100 beats per minute for 10 seconds or longer— not reported · lumbar puncture in newborn infants

Time to perform the lumbar puncture—not reported · lumbar puncture in newborn infants

Episodes of desaturation, defined as a decrease of SpO2 to less than 80%, with no minimum duration specified—not reported · lumbar puncture in newborn infants

Apnea: number of episodes (defined as interruption of breathing for more than 20 seconds) during the procedure—not reported · lumbar puncture in newborn infants

Apnea: number of infants with 1 or more episodes (defined as interruption of breathing for more than 20 seconds) during the procedure—not reported · lumbar puncture in newborn infants

Total number of lumbar puncture attempts (successful or unsuccessful)—not reported · lumbar puncture in newborn infants

Episodes of bradycardia№ of participants: 1279(3 RCTs) · lumbar puncture in newborn infants

Time to perform the lumbar puncture№ of participants: 1102(2 RCTs) · lumbar puncture in newborn infants

Episodes of desaturation (decrease of SpO2 to less than 80%)№ of participants: 1249(2 RCTs) · lumbar puncture in newborn infants

Apnea: number of episodes (interruption of breathing for more than 20 seconds) during the procedure№ of participants: 197(2 RCTs) · lumbar puncture in newborn infants

Apnea: number of infants with 1 or more episodes (defined as interruption of breathing for more than 20 seconds) during the procedure—not reported · lumbar puncture in newborn infants

Successful lumbar puncture procedure at the first attempt№ of participants: 171(1 RCT) · lumbar puncture in newborn infants

Total number of lumbar puncture attempts—not reported · lumbar puncture in newborn infants

Successful LP on first attempt № of LPs: 100(1 quasi‐RCT) · newborn infants undergoing lumbar puncture

Total number of LP attempts № of LPs: 100(1 quasi‐RCT) · newborn infants undergoing lumbar puncture

Episodes of bradycardia, defined as a fall in heart rate to > 30% below the baseline or < 100 beats per minute for ≥ 10 seconds № of LPs: 100(1 quasi‐RCT) · newborn infants undergoing lumbar puncture

NFCS pain score during the procedure№ of infants: 112(2 RCTs) Score · newborn infants undergoing lumbar puncture

Episodes of desaturation, defined as a decrease in arterial SpO2 to < 80% (no minimum duration specified) № of LPs: 100(1 quasi‐RCT) · newborn infants undergoing lumbar puncture

Apnea: number of episodesduring the procedure · newborn infants undergoing lumbar puncture

Apnea: occurrence of one or more episodes№ of LPs: 100(1 quasi‐RCT) · newborn infants undergoing lumbar puncture

Necrotising enterocolitis prior to hospital discharge · very preterm (< 32 weeks' gestation) or very low birth weight (< 1500 g) infants

Mortality prior to hospital discharge · very preterm (< 32 weeks' gestation) or very low birth weight (< 1500 g) infants

Feed intolerance prior to hospital discharge · very preterm (< 32 weeks' gestation) or very low birth weight (< 1500 g) infants