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Search review questions

Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.

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Intervention or exposure

Comparison

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Review versions

1,554 questions in 140 reviews · Heart

current versions

No studies 272 · 17.5%Ungraded 44 · 2.8%Very low 329 · 21.2%Low 464 · 29.9%Moderate 319 · 20.5%High 126 · 8.1%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

Question	Effect	Evidence	Status / GRADE
Usual care with ivabradine vs placebo, usual care, or no treatment Quality of life · adults (≥ 18 years of age) with a diagnosis of chronic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) Ivabradine as adjuvant treatment for chronic heart failure (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 60 participants	Low
Advance care planning vs usual care Concordance between participants' preferences and end‐of‐life care (yes/no) Post‐death data: mean days to death, ACP group (388.8 ± 255.7); usual care group (362.2 ± 288.4) · people with heart failure with or without their surrogate decision‐makers/carers Advance care planning for adults with heart failure (2020) · Cochrane	RR 1.19 [0.91, 1.55]	1 study · 110 participants	Very low
Advance care planning vs usual care Participants' quality of life Measured by EQ‐5D and KCCQ. Higher scores indicate high‐quality of life. · people with heart failure with or without their surrogate decision‐makers/carers Advance care planning for adults with heart failure (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	3 studies · 156 participants	Low
Advance care planning vs usual care Patients' satisfaction with care/treatment (yes/no) · people with heart failure with or without their surrogate decision‐makers/carers Advance care planning for adults with heart failure (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Advance care planning vs usual care Completion of documentation by medical staff regarding discussions with participants about ACP processes (yes/no) · people with heart failure with or without their surrogate decision‐makers/carers Advance care planning for adults with heart failure (2020) · Cochrane	RR 1.68 [1.23, 2.29]	2 studies · 92 participants	Low
Advance care planning vs usual care Participants' depression Measured on PHQ‐8, PHQ‐9, and HADS. Higher scores indicate high depression · people with heart failure with or without their surrogate decision‐makers/carers Advance care planning for adults with heart failure (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	3 studies · 278 participants	Low
Advance care planning vs usual care Caregivers' satisfaction with care/treatment (yes/no) · people with heart failure with or without their surrogate decision‐makers/carers Advance care planning for adults with heart failure (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Advance care planning vs usual care Quality of communication Measured on Quality of Patient‐Clinician Communication About End‐of‐Life Care. Higher score indicates high satisfaction with the quality of communication Assessed after intervention · people with heart failure with or without their surrogate decision‐makers/carers Advance care planning for adults with heart failure (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 9 participants	Very low
Glucocorticoid vs placebo In‐hospital postoperative mortality · Children having heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass Prophylactic corticosteroids for paediatric heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (2020) · Cochrane	RR 0.83 [0.33, 2.07]	5 studies · 313 participants	Moderate
Glucocorticoid vs placebo Duration of postoperative mechanical ventilation · Children having heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass Prophylactic corticosteroids for paediatric heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	6 studies · 421 participants	High
Glucocorticoid vs placebo Length of postoperative ICU stay · Children having heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass Prophylactic corticosteroids for paediatric heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	6 studies · 421 participants	High
Glucocorticoid vs placebo Length of postoperative hospital stay · Children having heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass Prophylactic corticosteroids for paediatric heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 176 participants	Moderate
Glucocorticoid vs placebo All‐cause mortality at longest · Children having heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass Prophylactic corticosteroids for paediatric heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (2020) · Cochrane	RR 0.83 [0.33, 2.07]	5 studies · 313 participants	Moderate
Glucocorticoid vs placebo Cardiovascular mortality at longest · Children having heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass Prophylactic corticosteroids for paediatric heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (2020) · Cochrane	RR 0.4 [0.07, 2.46]	3 studies · 109 participants	Moderate
Glucocorticoid vs placebo Failure to separate from CPB · Children having heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass Prophylactic corticosteroids for paediatric heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (2020) · Cochrane	RR 0.2 [0.01, 3.92]	1 study · 40 participants	Low
Summary of findings for the main comparison. Physical activity and exercise interventions vs usual care Outcomes Length of intervention in weeks (Median, (IQR)) · people with congenital heart disease. Physical activity interventions for people with congenital heart disease (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Summary of findings for the main comparison. Physical activity and exercise interventions vs usual care Maximal cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) · people with congenital heart disease. Physical activity interventions for people with congenital heart disease (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	14 studies · 732 participants	Moderate
Summary of findings for the main comparison. Physical activity and exercise interventions vs usual care Health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) · people with congenital heart disease. Physical activity interventions for people with congenital heart disease (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	3 studies · 163 participants	Very low
Summary of findings for the main comparison. Physical activity and exercise interventions vs usual care Physical activity (PA) · people with congenital heart disease. Physical activity interventions for people with congenital heart disease (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	4 studies · 328 participants	Low
Summary of findings for the main comparison. Physical activity and exercise interventions vs usual care Submaximal cardiorespiratory fitness · people with congenital heart disease. Physical activity interventions for people with congenital heart disease (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	5 studies · 179 participants	Moderate
Summary of findings for the main comparison. Physical activity and exercise interventions vs usual care Muscular strength (12) · people with congenital heart disease. Physical activity interventions for people with congenital heart disease (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 18 participants	Moderate
Summary of findings for the main comparison. Physical activity and exercise interventions vs usual care Adverse events (12 (12, 26)) · people with congenital heart disease. Physical activity interventions for people with congenital heart disease (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	11 studies · 501 participants	Moderate
Summary of findings for the main comparison. Physical activity and exercise interventions vs usual care Hospital admissions · people with congenital heart disease. Physical activity interventions for people with congenital heart disease (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Low dietary fat vs usual fat Body fatness (represented by body weight, kg) · adults from the general population including those who were healthy, with risk factors and with long‐term conditions Effects of total fat intake on body fatness in adults (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	26 studies · 53875 participants	High
Low dietary fat vs usual fat Body fatness (represented by BMI, kg/m2) · adults from the general population including those who were healthy, with risk factors and with long‐term conditions Effects of total fat intake on body fatness in adults (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	15 studies · 46604 participants	High
Low dietary fat vs usual fat Body fatness (represented by waist circumference, cm) · adults from the general population including those who were healthy, with risk factors and with long‐term conditions Effects of total fat intake on body fatness in adults (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	4 studies · 16685 participants	High
Low dietary fat vs usual fat Body fatness (represented by percentage body fat) · adults from the general population including those who were healthy, with risk factors and with long‐term conditions Effects of total fat intake on body fatness in adults (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	3 studies · 2415 participants	High
Low dietary fat vs usual fat Potential harms ‐ serum lipids, mmol/L · adults from the general population including those who were healthy, with risk factors and with long‐term conditions Effects of total fat intake on body fatness in adults (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	22 studies · 9812 participants	High
Low dietary fat vs usual fat Potential harms ‐ blood pressure (BP), mmHg · adults from the general population including those who were healthy, with risk factors and with long‐term conditions Effects of total fat intake on body fatness in adults (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	10 studies · 6078 participants	High
Low dietary fat vs usual fat Potential harms ‐ quality of life (QoL) · adults from the general population including those who were healthy, with risk factors and with long‐term conditions Effects of total fat intake on body fatness in adults (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 40130 participants	Low
Case management vs usual care HF mortality · adults with heart failure Disease management interventions for heart failure (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Clinic‐based intervention vs usual care HF readmissions · adults with heart failure Disease management interventions for heart failure (2019) · Cochrane	RR 1.01 [0.87, 1.18]	2 studies · 887 participants	Moderate
Clinic‐based intervention vs usual care All‐cause readmissions · adults with heart failure Disease management interventions for heart failure (2019) · Cochrane	RR 0.9 [0.72, 1.12]	4 studies · 1129 participants	Low
Clinic‐based intervention vs usual care Adverse effects · adults with heart failure Disease management interventions for heart failure (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Clinic‐based intervention vs usual care Quality of life · adults with heart failure Disease management interventions for heart failure (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	4 studies · 641 participants	Low
Clinic‐based intervention vs usual care Costs and cost‐effectiveness · adults with heart failure Disease management interventions for heart failure (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 390 participants	Low
Multidisciplinary disease management programmes vs usual care HF mortality · adults with heart failure Disease management interventions for heart failure (2019) · Cochrane	RR 0.46 [0.23, 0.95]	2 studies · 277 participants	Very low
Multidisciplinary disease management programmes vs usual care All‐cause mortality · adults with heart failure Disease management interventions for heart failure (2019) · Cochrane	RR 0.67 [0.54, 0.83]	8 studies · 1764 participants	Moderate
Multidisciplinary disease management programmes vs usual care HF readmissions · adults with heart failure Disease management interventions for heart failure (2019) · Cochrane	RR 0.68 [0.5, 0.92]	5 studies · 1108 participants	Low
Multidisciplinary disease management programmes vs usual care All‐cause readmissions · adults with heart failure Disease management interventions for heart failure (2019) · Cochrane	RR 0.85 [0.71, 1.01]	5 studies · 1152 participants	Low
Multidisciplinary disease management programmes vs usual care Adverse effects · adults with heart failure Disease management interventions for heart failure (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 496 participants	Moderate
Case management vs usual care All‐cause mortality · adults with heart failure Disease management interventions for heart failure (2019) · Cochrane	RR 0.78 [0.68, 0.9]	26 studies · 6903 participants	Low
Multidisciplinary disease management programmes vs usual care Quality of life (MLHFQ) · adults with heart failure Disease management interventions for heart failure (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 140 participants	Very low
Multidisciplinary disease management programmes vs usual care Costs and cost‐effectiveness · adults with heart failure Disease management interventions for heart failure (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 117 participants	Low
Case management vs usual care HF readmissions · adults with heart failure Disease management interventions for heart failure (2019) · Cochrane	RR 0.64 [0.53, 0.78]	12 studies · 2528 participants	Moderate
Case management vs usual care All‐cause readmissions · adults with heart failure Disease management interventions for heart failure (2019) · Cochrane	RR 0.92 [0.83, 1.01]	14 studies · 4539 participants	Moderate
Case management vs usual care Adverse effects · adults with heart failure Disease management interventions for heart failure (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Case management vs usual care Quality of life (MLHFQ mean score at end of · adults with heart failure Disease management interventions for heart failure (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	8 studies · 1595 participants	Very low
Case management vs usual care Costs and cost‐effectiveness · adults with heart failure Disease management interventions for heart failure (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	11 studies · 2369 participants	Low
Clinic‐based intervention vs usual care HF mortality · adults with heart failure Disease management interventions for heart failure (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies